Free Essays on Medical Marijuana

Drugs are a very influential part of the everyday norm in the United States today. Many drugs are taken form everyday from regular prescribed pills and the over the counter medicines that are at your local grocery store, to those that can be found in the street. Nevertheless, what is the difference between the two? In America, it is frowned upon in the media for the use of marijuana; it is as if everyone that uses it is going to turn into a crazed person or is not going to be able to take care of themselves or others. If this is the case, why are there now doctors that suggest the use of it? In the 1960’s to the 1970’s, there was a greater acceptance of use of marijuana. There was an understanding that the drug itself should not be in the same class of narcotics (The Legalization Question.) The problem of stereotyping the use of marijuana became out of hand in the mid 1980’s and 1990’s because of the Presidency of Regan and Bush(White House Drug Policy.) Supporters of marijuana think that the government’s bans is in violation of free speech and other rights(Support of Marijuana.) These two had started the â€Å"zero tolerance† on the drug. They felt as if they could put a stop to the sale and use of marijuana then they can stop the â€Å"crimes† that are associated with it. In the past, prohibition has been considered as an option that would stop the use of alcohol. However, as seen and recorded, the prohibition of anything leans to more crimes and more of a larger demand to the public. The U.S. should honor the courage and determination of the people through out the states to find expression in the exercise of a sovereign State's fundamental right guaranteed by the Ninth and the Tenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. In addition, by denying the injunction sought by the federal government, should return the Controlled Substances Act to the established channels of federal authority (The State of California Departm... Free Essays on Medical Marijuana Free Essays on Medical Marijuana One of the most controversial issues in the United States is over medical marijuana. Not just a political debate but as often happens in politics it’s a moral debate as well. The idea of a street drug being used for anything else than a picture of a junkie high on the street is something most people today find hard to imagine. However, times do change and when it comes to medicine new discoveries are made every day. Many experiments test the validity of the drug as a medicine, and results of these experiments receive much praise but also some critique. The DEA and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) are battling over the issue. The underlying matter that cannot be ignored is that marijuana proves to be a useful medication for many patients, especially those with wasting diseases. This battle dates back to about the 1970’s after the drug culture was extremely high in America. In 1970, Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act. This law assigned psychoactive drugs to five schedules and placed cannabis in Schedule I, the most restrictive. According to the legal definition, Schedule I drugs have no medical use, are a high potential for abuse, and cannot be used safely even under a doctor's supervision. Two years later, in 1972, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) petitioned the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (formerly the Federal Bureau of Narcotics) to transfer marijuana to Schedule II, so that physicians could legally prescribe it. The chemical in marijuana that is known to make the affect on these diseases and on the person using the drug is called THC. THC is the active ingredient in marijuana. The course of action they chose took place in 1985 when the government reclassified synthetic THC as a Schedule II drug but kept marijuana itself - and THC derived from marijuana - in Schedule I. With t his action it w as clear that the government knew of the medi... Free Essays on Medical Marijuana Should Marijuana be legalized for medical purposes? â€Å"I just smoke to ease the pain.† This has been heard many times on television interviews of people giving a reason why they smoke marijuana. To some people this may seem like a justified medical cause. This excuse, however, has no medical support at all. There has been no factual evidence to date supporting the fact that marijuana alone helps cure any disease. The psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is, however, currently available from pharmacies, there are many studies disproving the positive effects of smoking marijuana, and ingesting a â€Å"medicine† by smoke inhalation is not good for the body. These statements back up the fact that smoking marijuana has no health benefits. To begin with, the active ingredient in marijuana (THC) is already available in pharmaceutical capsule form by prescription from medical doctors, so why not just get a medication legally if it helps to ease the pain? The pill form of the drug also does not contain all of the combinations of drugs and other ingredients found in a marijuana cigarette; one should be able to reap the benefits just as plentifully if it truly does help ease the pain. The other drug found in marijuana, marinol is removed from the pill form because of the adverse effects it has on patients. Also, physicians should be able to monitor the side effects, if any, that could be linked to other medications. So, in the long term, doctors may develop a form of the active ingredient that could allow maximum comfort for all patients. Secondly, there are many studies showing the harmful effects that prolonged exposure from marijuana can have. Some people may counter by saying that these people are going to die anyway, but why complicate their disease even more by introducing new side effects? A physician employed at the local hospital accounted for a case of an adverse side effect. A woman was smoking marijuana without her d... Free Essays on Medical Marijuana Drugs are a very influential part of the everyday norm in the United States today. Many drugs are taken form everyday from regular prescribed pills and the over the counter medicines that are at your local grocery store, to those that can be found in the street. Nevertheless, what is the difference between the two? In America, it is frowned upon in the media for the use of marijuana; it is as if everyone that uses it is going to turn into a crazed person or is not going to be able to take care of themselves or others. If this is the case, why are there now doctors that suggest the use of it? In the 1960’s to the 1970’s, there was a greater acceptance of use of marijuana. There was an understanding that the drug itself should not be in the same class of narcotics (The Legalization Question.) The problem of stereotyping the use of marijuana became out of hand in the mid 1980’s and 1990’s because of the Presidency of Regan and Bush(White House Drug Policy.) Supporters of marijuana think that the government’s bans is in violation of free speech and other rights(Support of Marijuana.) These two had started the â€Å"zero tolerance† on the drug. They felt as if they could put a stop to the sale and use of marijuana then they can stop the â€Å"crimes† that are associated with it. In the past, prohibition has been considered as an option that would stop the use of alcohol. However, as seen and recorded, the prohibition of anything leans to more crimes and more of a larger demand to the public. The U.S. should honor the courage and determination of the people through out the states to find expression in the exercise of a sovereign State's fundamental right guaranteed by the Ninth and the Tenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. In addition, by denying the injunction sought by the federal government, should return the Controlled Substances Act to the established channels of federal authority (The State of California Departm... Free Essays on Medical Marijuana There are many diseases in which the ‘victim’ may experience symptoms that can be treated by smoking marijuana. AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, and chron’s disease are only a few of the many diseases that can be helped through the use of marijuana. People consider marijuana to be a dangerous drug and are unaware of many medical uses. Because marijuana is stereotyped as a dangerous drug, a bad feeling about the drug is common. There are many groups and even magazines dedicated to trying to get marijuana legalized, such as High Times Magazine, the Cannabis Coalition and the National Organization for the reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). Others just don’t want to admit that the drug should be used for any reason at all because they feel that it is harmful. A lot of people however, disagree and feel that marijuana should never be legalized, but what about for medical uses? The medical use of marijuana should be legal for people who suffer from a serious disease, and c an be helped by the use of the drug. Marijuana, a.k.a. pot, weed, cannabis, (the list goes on), is one of the most popular drugs being used throughout the country. Marijuana is not the cure to any disease, not by any means, but it does help ease the pain of those who suffer. One such disease is chron’s. This is an incurable, and painful inflammation of the digestive tract that can have life-threatening complications. A good example of this is in the case of Cheryl Johnson. Cheryl is the mother of Simon Johnson, who has chron’s disease. Simon is left with nausea and vomiting from the disease and the medicine that he was put on to control it. The vomiting was so severe that every morning on his way to school he would have to have his mother pull the car to the side of the road so that he could throw up. He often would miss months of school at a time because he was immensely sick. That was before he found marijuana. He now lives a relatively normal life. (Rubenstein, 82) Ma... Free Essays on Medical Marijuana Marijuana is illegal because of its classification as an illicit drug, but there are some issues that have been established saying that this â€Å"illicit drug† has improved the treatment for suffering patients. Marijuana has lots of beneficial effects when used in medicinal settings for the treatment of pain; but it should be an administered drug for patients who can benefit from the use of this drug. Marijuana has had analysis for its use as a medicine and the results showed improvements in the patients who were treated with this drug. Doctors have expressed opposite opinions, making this theme very controversial. I have researched for its positive effects when used properly, so that marijuana can be considered in treating patients. Much of the opposite opinions about this issue have to do with the hands of the government, which says that marijuana is not a safe medicine, versus the doctors who research the topic for medicinal purposes. Nevertheless, not all doctors feel that cannabis should be a â€Å"legal† prescribed medicine; it is in their hands to decide so. The Institute of Medicine has also this controversy when it said smoking marijuana is risky, but also recommended that critically ill patients should be allowed to use it under closely monitored settings (Koch 707). A specialist at the National Cancer Institute authorized his patients to use the drug, but not over do it (Koch 708). With all this, one would think that doctors wouldn’t be so enthusiastic to offer the drug as a reliever. The National Institute of Drug Abuse puts approximately 300 free joints each month for patients who are in an experimental program . The Government proclaims there is no therapeutic value in the medicin al use of marijuana, but they do not have hard evidence to prove it. Ira Glasser, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union, (at a congressional forum) expressed: â€Å"the government has demonized all drug use without differen...

Lake Superior State University Admissions

Lake Superior State University Admissions Lake Superior State University Admissions Overview: The majority of applicants interested in Lake Superior State University are admitted each year. With an acceptance rate of 91%, most students with grades and standardized test scores that are average or better will get in. To apply, visit the schools website for application instructions and important deadlines.   Admissions Data (2016): Lake Superior State University Acceptance Rate: 91%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 430 / 540SAT Math: 430  / 520SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanMichigan public university SAT score comparisonACT Composite: 20  / 25ACT English: 19 / 26ACT Math: 18 / 25ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers meanMichigan public university ACT score comparison Lake Superior State University Description: Lake Superior State University is one of  Michigans 15 public universities; its campus is located in Sault Ste Marie on the site of the former U.S. Armys Fort Brady. It is on the smaller side, with just over 2,500 students, a student/faulty ratio of 15  to 1, and an average class size of fewer than 30 students. LSSU offers a long list of academic programs from its five colleges and schools: the College of Arts, Letters, Social Sciences and Emergency Services; the College of Business and Engineering; the College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences; the College of Nursing and Health Sciences; and the School of Education. The university is one of only three in the country to offer a fire science program. With more than 60 student clubs and organizations as well as intramural sports, there is plenty to do on campus. LSSU is a member of the NCAA Division II  Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference  (GLIAC), but the universitys ice hockey team competes in the NCAA Division I Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) and has won five national championships. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 2,099  (all undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 49% Male / 51% Female86% Full-time Costs (2016- 17): Tuition and Fees: $11,019  (in-state)Books: $1,100 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,442Other Expenses: $1,600Total Cost: $22,161   Lake Superior State University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 96%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 86%Loans: 59%Average Amount of AidGrants: $9,830Loans: $6,167 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Exercise Science, Fire Science, Fisheries and Wildlife Management, Nursing Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 72%Transfer-out Rate: 5%4-Year Graduation Rate: 21%6-Year Graduation Rate: 42% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Ice Hockey, Cross Country, Tennis, Track and Field, Basketball, GolfWomens Sports:  Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis, Track and Field, Softball, Golf, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Lake Superior State University, You May Also Like These Schools: Oakland University: Profile  Northern Michigan University: Profile  Albion College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFinlandia University: Profile  Spring Arbor University: Profile  Eastern Michigan University: Profile  University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlma College: Profile  Ferris State University: Profile  Central Michigan University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGrand Valley State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlbion College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Human Resource exam questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Resource exam questions - Coursework Example This eliminates conflict of interests, through hindering individuals from undertaking some tasks, exert authority or interfere with certain duties outside the confines of their jobs (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). Job analysis creates order, discipline and responsibility, by defining the duties and responsibilities of each worker (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). Additionally, Job analysis helps in preparing job description and job specifications necessary for hiring the right individuals for a job (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). Observation and interview methods of collecting job analysis information are recommended. This because, through observation, the investigator has an opportunity to get first hand information, since he/she can observe the tasks as they are being undertaken. This improves the validity of the information obtained (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). Interview method allows an opportunity for employees to give their suggestions on top of the already existing tasks. This im proves the nature of the information collected (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). Job description refers to a factual statement of the duties and responsibilities that are involved in a certain job task (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). ... Under this approach, an organization looks at its labor audit data, where it observes patterns such as the hiring, retirement, turnover and productivity (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). The approach is applied based on an assumption that the trend will remain stable. Therefore, an organization plans to increase or decrease their labor force, depending on the past trends, which are used to predict the future patterns (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). Depending on the predicted future situation, an organization can hire, reduce or maintain its work force. This approach is advantageous in that, it helps the organization predict its future demand and supply needs, based on the real data and experience that the organization has had in the past (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). However, the limitation is that the future needs may vary with the past and the current patterns, making an organization experience either a shortage or a surplus of human resources in the future (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 201 0). Replacement chart This approach entails focusing on the available positions within an organization, and planning on how such positions will be taken up by internal employees, when their occupants exits the organization (Schwind, Das, & Wagar, 2010). This approach is futuristic, aiming at ensuring that all the key positions of the organization has potential replacement, while also planning for the occupation of other positions that might arise out of the expansion of the organization. This approach is beneficial since it ensures that the operations of an organization are not disrupted due to exits from the organization. The limitation for this approach is that the potential candidates

Lab report 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

3 - Lab Report Example Studies have shown a generally low bioavailability and stability of oral catechins in humans. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery techniques of EGCG and TF have been found to improve their bioavailability to a level that would benefit their effectiveness as chemopreventives. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of theaflavins and EGCG, when used in the bulk form and in the biopolymer (polylactide-co-glycolide)-based nanoparticle form, on oxaliplatin- and satraplatin-treated lymphocytes from colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The results of DNA damage measurements by comet assay revealed opposite trends in bulk and nanoparticle forms of TF as well as EGCG. Both the compounds in the bulk form produced stastically significant concentration-dependent reductions in DNA damage in oxaliplatin- or satraplatin-treated lymphocytes. In contrast to this, when used in the nanoparticle form both TF and EGCG caused a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage in the lymphocytes. The maximum increase noted with TF was around 2.5-fold. The reverse activities exhibited by the two forms, namely bulk- and nanoparticle forms, of TF as well as EGCG support the notion that TF and EGCG act as both antioxidant and pro-oxidant, depending on the form in which they are administered. In the bulk form, the compounds likely act as antioxidants, which was observed as a decrease in the DNA damage measured as Olive Tail Moment in the comet assays. It is also our hypothesis that, changing their mode of action in the nanoparticle form, both TF and EGCG act as pro-oxidants, and cause an increase in the DNA damage. Introduction One of the major causes of cancer development is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress leads to the cellular redox imbalance that has been observed in various cancer cells as compared to normal cells (Valko et al., 2006). Tissue homeostasis is disrupted when the balance between cell growth and apoptosis (cell death) is lost provoking uncontrolle d cell growth that results in cancer. Oxidative stress, which is prevalent in the tumour micro-environment, can affect the apoptotic potential of tumour cells. It can also affect many functions in cancer cells, including cell proliferation, promotion of mutations and genetic instability, modification of cellular sensitivity to anticancer compounds, invasion, and metastasis (Kumar et al., 2008). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, peroxides and superoxides, nitric oxide (NO') and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) that are generated in a normal cell both endogenously (by mitochondria, through metabolic processes, inflammation etc.) and via external sources, play a vital role in regulating several biological phenomena (Barzilai et al., 2002; Hussain et al, 2003). An excessive production of ROS or an inadequate anti-oxidant defense system, or both, in a normal cell can produce oxidative stress leading to DNA damage, and, further, induce an increased mutation rate and tumour dev elopment, possibly through a preferential selection of tumour cell mutations that confer a growth advantage (Sotgia et al., 2011). There is much evidence to show that oxidative stress plays an important role in the molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer (Keshavarzian et al., 1992; Bartsch et al., 2002). Free radicals formed during the metabolic activation of environmental genotoxic agents have been

Right to Counsel Essay Example for Free

Right to Counsel Essay 1)  Ã‚   The right to counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution refers to the right of the accused to have the court appoint an attorney for him for his defense at the critical stages of criminal proceedings (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). These crucial stages are arraignment, trial, custodial interrogation, police line-up after charges have been filed, sentencing and until appeal of a judgment of conviction (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law). The Right to Counsel Clause of the Constitution attaches during custodial interrogation when law enforcement officers deprive the accused of his freedom and thereafter subjects him to questioning. The right to counsel has some bearing with the due process clause especially in the case where the accused is charged with an offense punishable with death penalty. In this case, the court must appoint a competent counsel for the defense of an indigent accused (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law). 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. Supreme Court laid down the standards for law enforcement officers during custodial investigations in the case of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436. According to the Court, the suspect â€Å"must be warned that they have the right to remain silent; that any statements they make may be used as evidence against them; that they have the right to an attorney; and that if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them prior to any questioning if they so desire† (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436).   Any evidence obtained in violation of these principles shall not be admissible in court in accordance with the exclusionary rule. This being so, the evidence cannot be used against the accused (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law). Waiver of the Miranda rights must be made knowingly and intelligently and should the suspect invoke his right to counsel to be present during the interrogation, the police officers must cease the questioning.

New Religious Movements Essay -- Analysis, Lorne Dawson

Dawson (2010) Lorne Dawson presents a unique perspective on the similarities between New Religious Movements (NRM), which are also known as cults, and radical Islamic groups. Dawson (2010) questions why no dialogue has occurred because of the similarities between the two types of movements. Dawson (2010) stated that individuals that join Islamic extremist groups have the same issues of NRM members who experience a source of deprivation or alienation from the secular world. As with both groups, Dawson (2010) alludes that the deprivation is based on personalization of an issue that could be social, psychological, and moral. Dawson (2010) cautions that deprivation is not all about economics and there is no singular profile to fit an individual and pointed reason of why an individual will feel deprivation. Dawson points out the general public may view people as down on their luck and in economic strife. However, in actuality, both groups according to Dawson (2010) come from middle class families and have obtained some education and seem unremarkable, just as asserted in the Silber and Bhatt (2007) study. With this sense of deprivation, Dawson points out seeking individuals in both NRM and radical Islamic groups may want to pursue an identity which is influenced by socialization with other people going through the same situation or who understand what an individual is going through. Dawson makes an interesting point that the social bonds that are strong and give an individual a sense of belonging which help transform a person to a NRM or radical Islamic group. Dawson refers to two key socialization tenets that are in both NRM and radical Islam and was mentioned in Silber and Bhatt (2007) study that are appli... ...to steer away from the aspect of socialization as a conduit to propel radicalization. It does mention that Larose accused of conspiring to kill Swedish artist Lars Vilks had social contacts through emails supporting her effort. The literature provides a valid point that the internet has transpired as a major component in increase of the radicalization process. This paper argues the researchers should have presented the argument that the internet is a gateway for socialization rather than a forum for self-radicalization. The paper did mention the importance of information operations to counter media promoting radicalization which has not been emphasized to the extent as it was in this literature. The Self-Awakening variable implies religion in this literature. The Social Conduit variable is obviously identified as the internet and extremist groups.

Enki Bilal’s Perspective on Art in Hatzfeld

Marshal Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles until his death in 1980. Eventhough his presidency has been critisized as authoritarian, Tito had successful economic and diplomatic policies which helped him to be considered as a benevolent dictator by many people including citizens of his own country and those of others. He was a relatively popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Tito had internal policies which successfully deal with coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation.The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (otherwise known as SFRY) was the Yugoslav state founded during World War II until it was dissolved in 1992, following the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Initially siding with the Eastern bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War, Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality after the Tito–Stalin split of 1948, and became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement.After the death of Tito in 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980's led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics, followed by collapse of inter-republic talks on transformation of the country and recognition of their independence by some European states in 1991. This led to the country collapsing on ethnic lines, followed by the final downfall and break of the country in 1992, and the start of the Yugoslav Wars.Often described as Europe's deadliest conflict since World War II, the conflicts have become famous for the war crimes, including mass murder, genocide and war rape. These were the first conflicts since World War II to be formally judged genocidal in character. According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, the Yugoslav Wars resulted in the deaths of 140,000 people. The Humanitarian Law Center writes that in the conflicts in former Yugoslav republics at least 130,000 people lost their lives.War rape occurred as a matter of official orders as part of ethnic cleansing, to displace the targeted ethnic group. One of the common misconceptions about the Yugoslav Wars is that they were the result of centuries of ethnic conflict. In fact, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ethnically mixed region of Dalmatia held close and amicable relations between the Croats and Serbs who lived there, and many early proponents of a united Yugoslavia came from this region, such as Dalmatian Croat Ante Trumbic.However by the time of the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars the historical hospitable relations between Croats and Serbs in Dalmatia had broken down, with Dalmatian Serbs fighting on the side of the Republic of Serbian Krajina. Clear ethnic conflict between the Yugoslav peoples only became prominent in the 20th century, beginning with tensions o ver the constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the early 1920s and escalating into violence between Serbs and Croats in the late 1920s after the assassination of Croatian nationalist Stjepan Radic.Severe ethnic conflict occurred during World War II during which the Croatian Ustase movement committed genocide against Serbs, while the Serbian Chetnik movement responded with reprisals against Croats as well as murdering Bosniaks. However the Yugoslav Partisan movement was able to appeal to all national groups, including Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks. Josip Broz Tito was half-Croat half-Slovene. Born Enes Bilalovic in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, to a Slovakian mother and a Bosniak father who had been Josip Broz Tito's tailor, Enki Bilal moved to Paris at the age of 9.Given all these historical informations, what can be said on Enki Bilal's perspective on art? Hatzfeld, a tetralogy deeling with the difficult past and the break up of Yugoslavia from a future point of view ca n help the reader to find an answer to that question. But first of all, what is art? Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities; the visual arts includes the creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media.Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts. (Wikipedia) According to Levi-Strauss, art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not mean that the purpose of art is â€Å"vague†, but that it has had many different reasons for being created.The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivat ed, and those that are motivated. Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artist. Some of these functions may be as following: The Avante-Garde: Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early twentieth century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. Art movements that had this goal—Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism, among others—are collectively referred to as the avante-garde arts.Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy: While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society. (Wikipedia) Bilal seem to question what art is and its practice at the end of 20th century. In the second book of the tetralogy, 32 Decembre, on page 9, Nike and his so-called gir l friend receieve an invitation to a party in the form of nuclear light.The invitation appears as a small nuclear explosion, this is a fascinating visual little show but the amount of effort made is certainly unnecessary. It is absurd and pointless. This is an all white party. People who are participating are literally coloured in white. Again a detail Nike thinks that it is absurd. On page 18, Nike finds out that him and the other people who are at the party are actually walking on a white canvas. This puts them in a situation where they are nothing but the art work, they are objects but not subjects.He finds this absurd as well and he does not like it. After a while, it becomes obvious that whatever he or other people at this party are doing there, it is to create and to be part of an art work. This fact is hard to deal with. Warhole, evil and powerful scientist of the first book gets some artistic spirit in the second book of the tetralogy. His starts to consider his new evil pro jects as art works. He also reancarnates himself as the v. g. a. (very great artist) Halrowe. Art is depicted as dangerous in the second book.The story itself becomes more postmedern in that second part. Surreal events and images start to appear more and more, one of them being the head of the Warhole ehich has fishes all around. Warhole is saying things like â€Å"search for power and the joy of creating†. He is pictured as a crazy dangerous artist-scientist. He is calling what he does â€Å"absolute evil art†. Bilal is questioning what does art mean when it is separated from its social context. At the beginning of the first book, he is making a referral to Abdullah Sidran, a Bosnian playwriter†¦

Fools and folly are widely used in comedy to create humour To what extent does this apply to Twelfth Night?

In this essay I will be exploring Twelfth Night and focusing on the extent at which folly is used to create humour. The word folly means â€Å"a silly person† or â€Å"one who uses folly for the entertainment of others† etc. In William Shakespeare’s comedy, Feste -licensed fool- the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery; others include Sir Andrew Aguecheek (natural fool), Malvolio who is exposed to be the natural fool and Sir Toby who is deemed to be the Lord of Misrule. Overall, fools and folly are widely used in Twelfth Night and form the basic plot. In Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, Feste’s role in this Illyrian comedy is significant. Feste plays the role of a humble clown and is employed by Olivia’s father thus playing the role of the licensed fool of their household. Olivia states that Feste is â€Å"an allowed fool† meaning he is licensed to speak the truth of people around him in order to entertain others. This is also seen when Curio states to the duke that â€Å"Feste the jester†¦a fool that the Lady Olivia’s father took much pleasure in†. Even though Feste is employed to be foolish, when compared to the other characters he is deemed to be the wisest, wittiest and the most philosophical of all the characters. Viola echoes this by saying â€Å"This fellow’s wise enough to play the fool. † By having the role of a licensed fool, Festes main role is to speak to the truth. Comedy is achieved through the truthfulness of the character. The first true glimpses of folly in Twelfth Night are seen in Act 1 Scene 3. Sir Andrew serves as an excellent example of the idea of Satire which Shakespeare throughout the play uses to undermine the so called rich, upper class characters. Sir Toby encourages Sir Andrew to â€Å"accost† Maria, which translates as â€Å"chat her up† and Sir Andrew foolishly addresses Maria as â€Å"Good mistress accost†. Shakespeare interestingly uses satire but also comedy of manners to illustrate his feelings towards the rich and powerful. His intentions are clearly seen here for the rest of the play; he starts with a powerful character being made a fool of and also ends with Malvolio being made a fool of, not weaker characters like Maria (servant) feste (clown). In this area of the scene, the audience expects a prominent, smart character to emerge on stage due to the description given by Sir Toby: â€Å"Why, he has an income of three thousand ducats a year,† which again links to the idea of comedy of manners- ‘a plot revolving around greed’. Subsequently, Sir Andrew is a naive, un-intelligent person who creates comedy and folly by miss-understanding Sir Toby. Knights in Shakespeare’s time would easily be able to gain respect through women due to it being an attractive occupation. However, Sir Andrew is the complete opposite and this allows the audience to laugh at how a character can be so different from the usual stereotype. Sir Andrew being so naive and thinking that he can easily add Maria to his endless list of women creates dramatic irony, the audience know that Maria thinks very poorly of him yet on the other hand Sir Andrew being so un-intelligent still thinks he is a wonderful human being. Alternatively, this area of Act 1 could show that even though Sir Andrew is rather naive, he still achieves because of the fact that Sir Toby mentions his â€Å"three thousand ducats a year† and Sir Andrew himself states to Maria that he is not â€Å"such an ass† and that he can keep his â€Å"hand dry,† this promotes the fact that when we wants to be, Sir Andrew can be smart and keep his â€Å"hand dry† which results in the audience weighing up what’s to come in the future for Sir Andrew. Ultimately, Sir Andrew fails to â€Å"woo† Olivia resulting in Sebastian marrying Olivia. Overall, this links back to the idea of comedy of manners and satire as both Sir Toby and Sir Andrew have been socially undermined with it being Sir Toby’s idea to set Andrew with Olivia and Sir Andrew failing in this quest. Feste who is employed to be funny and possibly ‘foolish’ is quite the opposite when compared with Sir Andrew. Feste is a philosophical, smart and witty character. In relevance to the question, a fool (feste) is employed to make people laugh yet there is no doubting that he comes across as anything but a fool. Shakespeare uses this character to highlight and contrast the frailties in the other characters such as Sir Andrew for example by allowing the natural fool to be the â€Å"natural wit† which is a very clever tool, the audience aren’t laughing at Feste being employed as fool yet laughing at how he makes others look like a fool. In act 1 scene 5, we don’t laugh at Feste for being a so called â€Å"fool†, we laugh at the witty re-marks that he creates and how undermines the people above him. Feste when talking to Maria regarding Countess Olivia states that â€Å"Many a good hanging prevents a bad marriage†. This has two comical meanings. Firstly, Feste is saying to Maria that sometimes its better being killed than entering marriage but to increase the comedy the phrase could also mean that a â€Å"well hung†(sexual connotations) man can prevent a â€Å"bad marriage†. When compared to today, a modern day audience would still find that funny due to IY being true yet in Shakespearean comedy, the audience would have been very surprised for a ‘fool’ to come out with such a controversial phrase, thus increasing comedy. Shakespeare understands the need for ‘surprise’ because the audience are laughing more at the surprise element rather than the joke itself. By putting this comical line in the final scene of the act, the audience have now gained a further understanding for the character and worked out how intelligent, witty Feste is. This will increase the popularity towards the character as the audience may have forgotten what happened previous to this scene when in act 2 yet the comical line from Feste would have stayed in their heads. Personally, Shakespeare wanted this immensely and therefore in relation to the question, yes fools are used to create humour but not through being stupid but by being witty and controversial as audiences like to be surprised. I believe the â€Å"bad marriage† area of the quote highlights the philosophical values that Feste has; he is giving the audience his opinions on marriages which he has seen from a fool’s point of view. Shakespeare is also handing a lot of power to feste as he could be forecasting the future for the marriages of Sir Toby and Maria, Olivia and Sebastian etc. Finally, Shakespeare can be seen to use juxtaposition in order to allow the gag of Feste contrast with the ‘well behaved’ Maria, this makes the audience possibly dislike Maria, an opinion shared by Shakespeare due to the time that he lived in, with the disrespectfulness of women. By the end of Act 2 scene 5, we gain the basic underlying plot. In scene 3, foolishness is definitely used to create comedy; Shakespeare uses the main idea of dramatic irony to create comedy. Three characters (Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Maria) construct a plan to help make Malvolio look a fool, Shakespeare uses three characters to make the plot seem more severe, linking to the idea of a minor form of black comedy. In this scene we learn that foolishness is enhanced by using more people to gang up on another. Sir Toby speaks that â€Å"He shall think, by the letters that thou wilt drop, that they come from my niece, and that she’s in love with him. † This quote firmly shows; He’ll think these letters are from Olivia and that she’s in love with him. Shakespeare uses a gang approach to this due to Malvolio being a so called ‘kill joy’, Sir Andrew and Maria show their opinions on the plan with phrases like â€Å"Sport royal† â€Å"I have ’t in my nose too. † Which again highlights the mood of the other characters, the audience will ultimately laugh in feeling guilt towards Malvolio. In today’ world, a gang culture shows power due to power in numbers but in Shakespeare times it could be sign of wealth and power to be able to create a group situation. The word â€Å"drop† signifies the height at which this will drop Malvolio and purposefully ‘drop’ his heart when he finds out he is made out to be a fool. Subsequently, Malvolio foolishness creates huge comedy due to him being imprisoned because of his actions towards Olivia. The idea of a gang creating a plan to make another human being look a fool allows Shakespeare to experiment how Malvolio could act. By the end of the play he is seen to be very spiteful and out for revenge. Comedy isn’t always seen through people being fools or made out to be fools. Comedy is also achieved through other ventures. In order to gain approval in the kingdom Viola dresses as a man and therefore can work close to Orsino and takes on the name Cesario. This creates comedy because the audience know that she is a women beneath the disguise yet the characters don’t (dramatic irony) therefore power is given to the audience and they enjoy this. We understand in Act 1 scene 2 that she is going to take up some disguise by saying â€Å"Conceal me what I am, and be my aid†. At this moment in time, Viola seems very determined and confident towards being a man and she has reason so due to marrying Orsino at the end of the play. Therefore comedy isn’t just seen through the eyes of folly and foolishness it’s also achieved elsewhere. Due to it being a live play, the audience would be able to see it’s a disguised woman, even though all actors were men, and thus again increasing comedy. Twelfth Night was once a day to mark the end of the Christmas festivities. It was the feast of fools and even now, the Christmas season is a time where we all seek entertainment in the form of amusement and folly. Therefore Twelfth Night is still relevant today. Even now we love to see people make fools of themselves and the characters we don't like to be served with just retribution. In conclusion to my question, the answer is simply yes. Shakespeare doesn’t just have fools to laugh at (feste) which would seem the normal idea but he makes others look fools. This is through Malvolio being miss-lead, the naivety of Sir Andrew and possibly Orsino not having Olivia and having to make do with Viola. Interestingly, Shakespeare warms to the so called lower class characters like Feste, Maria by creating strong and confident characters that make the more upper class characters around them look fools. Comedy is also achieved in the play by the mistaken identity of Viola, the concept of black comedy and the comedy of manners. All key integral parts of how this play is seen comical. Overall, the main comedy comes from people acting foolish or looking foolish as well as the idea of comedy of errors.

2016 - 2017 ACT Scoring Details

2016 - 2017 ACT Scoring Details The one facet of the ACT exam that seems to stress kids out the very most is the ACT scoring system. Of course, it’s easy to understand why! ACT scoring is very important because money and scholarships can be tied to your composite score and people tend to tie prestige to the score you manage to earn, too. The higher the score, the more bragging rights you get. So, just how does it work? And how do colleges get your scores and use them? Sit tight. You’re about to find out the ins and outs of the ACT scoring system and all the hoopla that goes with it. ACT Scoring Changes The ACT announced in June 2016, that it will be revising the score reporting for the 2016 - 2017 test administrations. What does this mean for you? When you get your score report back after registering, preparing and taking the ACT, you’ll see a number of different things on your scoring sheet. The ACT changed how it reports scoring. Instead of receiving subscores based on the subcategories under each section, students now receive percentages on a comprehensive set of reporting categories. These reporting categories make it easier for parents and students to determine exactly what types of skills testers need to brush up on the most. Heres what your current score report will contain.   Composite Score: Your composite score will be between a 1 (really low) and 36 (genius). This is an average of each multiple choice section.Section Scores: Each multiple-choice test section (English, Math, Reading, and Science) will get a raw score, based on the total number of questions you answer correctly. That score will then be converted to a scaled score, between 1 and 36.STEM Score: In September 2015, the ACT began reporting a STEM score that was the rounded average of Math and Science.ELA Score: At that time, they also began reporting the rounded average of English, Reading, and Writing scores as a general English Language Arts score.Reporting Categories: Although you will not get scores for these areas, per se, you will receive percentages correct out of the categories along with the total possible and total correct.ACT Plus Writing: If you take the Writing test, youll get an overall score between 2 and 12 because although the ACT changed the Writing score to 1-36 like the ot her multiple choice test section scores in 2015, it is changing it back for the 2016 - 2017 administrations. Youll also get four writing competency scores on a scale of 2 - 12 in these domains: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions. The ACT Reporting Categories Below, youll find the multiple choice sections of the test, along with the reporting categories youll find on your score report. The numbers in parentheses are the total number of questions for a sample score report*. On the score report, youll find the correct number you answered out of that total number, what that number looks like as a percentage, and the ACT Readiness Range, which shows you how your  performance on each reporting category compares to students who have met the ACT College Readiness Benchmark on that section.    *Please note that the number of each type of question could change, depending on the test.    MathPreparing for Higher Math (~35 total questions)Number and Quantity (5)Algebra (8)Functions (8)Statistics and Probability (6)Geometry  (8)Integrating Essentail Skills (~25)Modeling (~22)ScienceInterpretation of Data (~16)Scientific Investigation (~10)Evaluation of Models, Inferences, and Scientific Results (~14)EnglishProduction of Writing (~23)Knowledge of Language (~12)Conventions of Standard English (~40)ReadingKey Ideas and Details (~24)Craft and Structure (~11)Integration of Knowledge and Ideas (~5)Understanding Complex Texts reported as Below, Proficient, or Above How the ACT Scoring Works on the Essay The 2-12 score range for 2016-2017 is very quite than the one used in 2014-2015. The old Writing score was simply the sum of two readers’ grades between 1 - 6. The new score range, however, is an average domain score, rounded up to the nearest number at .5.   Take the following example: A student scoring these domain numbers: Grader As scores: 4, 6, 4, 5Grader Bs scores: 4, 5, 4, 6  Total scores: 8, 11, 8, 11 38Writing score is a 10 because 38/4 9.5 ACT Raw to Scaled Scoring When youre finished with your test and it heads off to be graded, the graders first count the number of questions that you answered correctly in each test section and in each subscore area. The number of correct answers is your raw score. The reporting categories will show you those raw scores - how many questions you actually answered correctly in each category. Then, those raw scores are converted to the scaled scores. Scaled scores are the scores that you’ll get back and the scores that are sent to your high school and the colleges to which you’re applying. The exact raw to scale tables that are used are not published, as they differ depending on the test questions used per test. Having a scaled score allows the ACT to be as fair as possible, considering different test questions and versions are used. The good news is that you don’t have to worry about your raw score except when you’re actually taking the test – you want to answer as many questions correctly as possible and attempt every one. You aren’t penalized for guessing like you are on the SAT. But on your score report, you won’t see your raw score, so you don’t need to sweat it! ACT Scoring Compared To Other Students On your score report, you’ll also see a score percentile, which compares you to the rest of the nation. The national average tends to hover right around a 20 or 21, but many scholarships start at around a 27 composite score and go up from there depending on the school and program to which you’re applying. Here are some ACT scoring averages and percentiles for you to check out: The best of the best ACT scoresAverage national ACT scoresAverage ACT scores for top private universitiesAverage ACT scores for top public universities If I Retake the ACT, Do Colleges See All My ACT Scoring? If you take the ACT more than once, you get to choose which set of scores to send to colleges. So, the schools will not see all of your ACT scores unless you choose to send them all. This is a very big deal especially if you do not perform very well during one testing session and ace another!

10 Words That Include the Element -Cept

10 Words That Include the Element -Cept 10 Words That Include the Element â€Å"-Cept† 10 Words That Include the Element â€Å"-Cept† By Mark Nichol Words in which the element -cept appears have one thing in common: They have something to do with taking, literally or figuratively. Here are ten such words in noun form and their definitions, as well as common terms nouns, verbs, and adjectives based on them, along with meanings for the additional terms. 1. Acceptance: the act or state of agreeing or approving (related words are accept, meaning â€Å"to hold or take,† and acceptable, meaning â€Å"satisfactory†) 2. Conception: the process of producing an idea or thought or a new life, or the act of beginning, forming, or originating (related words are conceive, meaning â€Å"to bring into being,† concept, meaning â€Å"idea,† conceptual, meaning â€Å"relating to ideas,† conceptualize, meaning â€Å"to produce an idea,† misconception, meaning â€Å"misunderstanding,† and preconception, meaning â€Å"a prejudice or premature opinion†) 3. Deception: the act or an instance of being tricked (related words are deceit, synonymous with deception but also meaning â€Å"the quality of being tricky† the latter meaning is also applicable to deceitfulness deceitful, meaning â€Å"tricky,† deceive, meaning â€Å"to trick,† and deceptive, meaning â€Å"misleading†) 4. Exception: exclusion, or something that is excluded, or an objection (related words are exceptional, meaning â€Å"rare,† â€Å"superior,† or â€Å"not within the norm,† exceptionalism, meaning â€Å"an attitude or situation of superiority,† and exceptionable, meaning â€Å"objectionable†) 5. Inception: the beginning or commencement of something 6. Interception: interference that results in the taking of something intended for someone else (a related word is intercept, â€Å"to interrupt, to gain possession†) 7. Perception: appreciation or observation, or the ability to comprehend or sense (related words are perceive, meaning â€Å"to understand or become aware,† perceptiveness and perceptivity, meaning â€Å"the quality of being able to become aware,† and imperceptible, meaning â€Å"unable to be seen or understood,† as well as apperception, meaning â€Å"self-consciousness† or â€Å"perception† and especially referring to understanding based on previous experience 8. Precept: a command, order, or principle (a related word is preceptor, meaning â€Å"principal† or â€Å"teacher†) 9. Reception: acquisition or admission, whether what is received is intangible, like attention or a response, or an object; reception also denotes an event at which someone is given attention (related words are receive, meaning â€Å"to acquire, to accept from,† receptive, meaning â€Å"amenable to acquiring or accepting,† receptionist, meaning â€Å"someone who greets clients,† and recipient, meaning â€Å"one who acquires,† as well as receptacle, meaning â€Å"a container for acquiring or placing†) 10. Susceptibility: ability to submit to, or lack of resistance to, something, or responsivity or impressionability (a related word is susceptible) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowConnotations of 35 Words for Funny People1,462 Basic Plot Types

The Homeless Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Homeless - Essay Example Some debates continue on whether the homeless should keep living in such conditions or not and whether the governments of their respective countries have put any effort to alleviate and improve the conditions of the people. The issue is difficult to determine if the homeless should be assisted or the government or other welfare organizations should advance their efforts to address the problem since various factors are important in decision-making. The contributions of the government or non-government organizations are subjected to serious scrutiny and from that, people have come up with their own perspective where any side of the arguments does not support the other, and each provides valid justifications for its position (Lowe 18-22). According to the facts presented by various sides of view of the current problems facing the homeless, it is not easy to decide in favor of any side a person can take in the debate. Those who support the view that homeless individuals should be assiste d argue that it is not a personal choice to be homeless, but it is a matter of circumstances that are beyond their abilities. This is because the income that these people earn does not support their bid to build or rent and sustain themselves in good houses and have enough for their daily consumption. Those who advocate for the assistance of the homeless argue that some circumstances that these people face can only be alleviated by external power that is not from within them because they cannot have enough for that purpose. Getting enough amount of money to support their well-being becomes a struggle for these people and therefore, the government and potential organizations should cooperate to implement the desired changes in the society. Having a home is the provision of basic need to the people who need it and it facilitates good living for all the people who access a place to stay (Robinson 83-84). People who have homes within a context with the homeless to psychological pressure curtail their participation in activities that can alleviate their economic conditions. This means that homelessness does not only affect the victims in the physical ways but also facilitates deterioration of their potential to exploit resources to attain their livelihood. This implies that assisting the homeless to secure homes can improve the condition of the people in the society and enhance the stability of the people in the process of their development (Robinson 85). The proponents for assistance of the homeless argue that the local authority of the areas which have homeless individuals has a legal obligation to provide places to stay and live. This implies that according to the proponents of the debate, if local authorities do not do anything to alleviate the condition, they fail to do their responsibilities to the people in an equitable way. Through fulfilling the mandate of the local authorities, it is possible to conclude that it is legal to provide homes to the people who have none and to facilitate their stay in such places. Neglecting the duty to guarantee shelter to the homeless by the local authority amounts to failure to do the responsibilities that are supposed to be done for the society (Robinson 96). On the other hand, there are other people who are opposed to provision of shelters to any