English Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Fiction - Essay Example â€Å"Yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Shelly said finally, â€Å"seriously don’t be such a screwing bitch.† Shelly jumped underhandedly into a slanted grin. She knew the â€Å"bitch† remark would positively mix the young ladies in the tent. â€Å"Shut up Shelley, you are soo bad†, said one young lady, â€Å"really who talks like that?† said another. Laura didn’t mind it by any means. Shelley and she were at that point turning into the agitators of the gathering. The previous evening, they were the main young ladies that sneaked out of the tent to attempt a cigarette just to return delightedly overjoyed headed at the stun of the other â€Å"good† young ladies. â€Å"Hey Shelley, might I be able to have a word with you for a second?† Laura said motioning out of the tent. Shelley wrapped up the nails in her left hand and obliged. Shelley returned the tent with Laura. It was very nearly eight o clock and the sun had totally set. Shelley strolled past Ragged-Jagged-Jen with a respectful grin, â€Å"Why don’t you go along with us to set up the campfire Jen?† Jen appeared as though she had been hit by a Bentley. Her wiry edge murmured at the idea of spending time with just the coolest young ladies in school. Everything she could let out was a gruntled, â€Å"Sure!† Shelley, Laura and Jen left the tent to locate a decent spot for the campfire. The evenings in the backwoods were consistently somewhat creepy. Shelley was stunned at how a similar timberland showed up so manageable in the day. She thought about whether there was an entire race of animal categories that had some expertise in late evening living other than bats and owls. That night the dull gleam of the moon pervaded through the shrubbery of trees. As it were, it given a silver coating to the whole wilderness. The Head Master had advised Laura to remain north, so they clearly went south with Jen tailing them unconsciously. Before they knew it they were crowd to a virtual symphony of crickets, bugs, and other boisterous critters. The leaves of the trees acted like openings to a woodwind and everything was working out positively. They were following a path set up by god-knows-who which finished in an entirely desolate

PORSCHE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PORSCHE - Case Study Example It additionally claims different organizations, for example, Audi, Bentley, and Lamborghini making it the third world’s biggest car producer on the planet. Volkswagen plans to pick up the top position utilizing a stage called Strategy 2018. To accomplish this, VW plans to expand the constrained creation of Porsche through the advancement of new product offerings, for example, vehicles and SUVs beside sports vehicles. It likewise needs to retain the innovation and development of Porsche and apply them to other car brands claimed by VW. Notwithstanding, these plans speak to a possible hazard for the brand picture of Porsche since these can adversely influence the impression of value and dependability among Porsche clients. Along these lines, Matthias Mueller, the new CEO of Porsche, needs to settle on a noteworthy vital choice. Muller needs to choose viably whether Porsche ought to expand its creation or spotlight on conveying its center competency which is the creation of sport s vehicles. Moreover, Muller additionally needs to make a technique that will forestall the potential brand weakening of Porsche. II. Circumstance Analysis General Environment The financial condition where the car business works is profoundly flimsy and unstable. This is an aftereffect of the money related emergency and monetary downturn rising in various nations. This circumstance can incredibly influence the buying choice of clients. Industry Environment Sports vehicles are a particular section in the car business with an unmistakable objective market which are the rich race vehicle fans. Despite the fact that there is a little market for this portion, each buy establishes high net revenue. Therefore, a great deal of car organizations are additionally structuring and producing sports vehicles. This prompted the expanded rivalry for this portion in the business. Porsche is the main brand for sports vehicles on the planet. Then again, Sedan and SUVs are additionally creating expande d interest from the worldwide market. This speaks to an open door that separated vehicle makers can exploit. Be that as it may, this fragment as of now has various contenders. As a rule, there is expanded rivalry in the vehicle business since purchasers bring about low exchanging cost because of high accessibility of different autos. Contender Environment Volkswagen Auto Group is confronting exceptional rivalry from Toyota and General Motors as far as piece of the pie and incomes. These organizations additionally have their own very good quality games vehicles and extravagance vehicles which straightforwardly rival Porsche and different games vehicles possessed by VW. This requires VW to plan viably and showcase their items in a better manner looked at than its rivals. III. SWOT Analysis Strengths Porsche is the world’s most grounded sports vehicle brand which indicates high devotion and top notch recognition among its clients. It likewise has a solid culture for innovation a nd development which makes its vehicles profoundly dependable. Essentially, Porsche reliably encounters high deals from every one of its models of sports and race vehicles. Shortcoming Although Porsche has substantiated itself in the market for sports vehicles, the organization has not yet increased a solid notoriety for assembling different sections, for example, cars and SUVs. This makes it hard for Porsche toâ position itself adequately in the new market sections. Opportunity There is an expanded interest for SUVs and Sedans in the worldwide market. This is an open door for Porsche to expand its incomes by enhancing its product offerings for a more extensive market section. Danger T he plan of the Volkswagen to let Porsche fabricate another product offerings beside sports vehicles can prompt a danger of brand weakening for Porsche. There is a likelihood that the apparent quality and high separation that Porsche had the option to position to the market

Half Defence of Positive Accounting Research

Question: Talk about the Half Defense of Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Presentation The exploration article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research has explained on the viability of positive bookkeeping hypothesis in the field of bookkeeping. The primary point of the exploration article is to look at the philosophy and epistemology of the positive bookkeeping hypothesis. The primary contention introduced by the creator in the resrch paper is that positive bookkeeping hypothesis has numerous shortcomings and accentuates on the significance of fusing the utilization of other hypothetical models in bookkeeping. In this unique situation, the current paper has attempted a basic investigation of the exploration article through summing up its principle ideas, distinguishing the examination questions, giving a conversation of its hypothetical structure and analyzing its criticalness and constraints. Rundown of the Article The fundamental contention introduced by the writer in the exploration article is the ineptitude of positive bookkeeping hypothesis in accomplishing the logical targets of bookkeeping. The field of bookkeeping to a great extent fuses the utilization of positive bookkeeping hypothesis that impacts the human conduct on choice including the utilization of bookkeeping ideas and practices. The hypothetical contention in the general article is tied in with breaking down the insufficiencies in positive bookkeeping hypothetical model that keeps it from making a significant commitment in the field of bookkeeping. The viability of positive bookkeeping hypothesis is assessed in the article with the use of subjective and quantitative resrch strategy. Subjective research strategy includes gathering hypothetical realities in setting of the exploration theme. Be that as it may, quantitative investigation includes the usage of measurable testing of speculation created in the examination article. It has been induced from the general research that there is need of better hypothetical models in bookkeeping as positive bookkeeping isn't to a great extent fit for accomplishing the logical goals of bookkeeping. Positive bookkeeping research has made huge commitment in building up a comprehension of the human conduct. Nonetheless, the results accomplished through the hypothesis don't sufficiently address the issues of working an examination program effectively (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The primary research question tended to in the current investigation is How positive bookkeeping research is really drilled and what is required for improving its commitment in the more extensive logical research ventures? The examination question has been gotten from the hypothetical research did in the writing survey area. The writing audit in the article has featured about the significance of positive bookkeeping research for understanding the circumstances and logical results connections over the world. It has given a top to bottom comprehension about both the significance and lacks of positive bookkeeping research. Hypothetical Framework The hypothetical structure of the examination article has featured the noteworthiness of executing the utilization of positive way to deal with bookkeeping research. The idea of positive bookkeeping is utilized by bookkeeper worldwide to take basic choices about the bookkeeping rehearses pervasive in an association. The hypothetical structure has characterized positive bookkeeping as a part of scholarly bookkeeping research that gives a strong establishment to clarifying and foreseeing the bookkeeping rehearses. The hypothesis expresses that business associations will in general embrace the bookkeeping rehearses that improve their money related execution. Along these lines, positive bookkeeping hypothesis as such structures the worth judgment of bookkeeper about the sort of bookkeeping practice to be actualized for speaking to the money related situation of a firm (Rhonheimer, 2000). In any case, the hypothetical system likewise underlines on inadequacies present in the positive book keeping research that keeps it from achieving the destinations of the examination venture. The fundamental confinement of the bookkeeping hypothesis is that it doesn't give any methods for improving the bookkeeping rehearses. The hypothesis basically consider the bookkeeping decisions at an individual level anyway business associations have wide number of decisions with respect to the bookkeeping practice to be utilized. The bookkeeping practice that is chosen by the bookkeepers by considering the positive bookkeeping hypothesis can have negative impact on the money related execution of a firm (Dunmore, 2009). Positive bookkeeping research is a cultural hypothesis and as can impact the human conduct that may not be useful for an association development and improvement (Deegan, 2014). Therefore, the bookkeeping practices ought to be actualized based on monetary condition without thinking about the judicious human conduct. The bookkeeping explores should expect to build up a comprehen sion of specific bookkeeping rehearses and ought not understands the balanced conduct of human brain science while actualizing bookkeeping rehearses. The bookkeepers would create bookkeeping strategies that benefits the general monetary exhibition of a firm regardless of whether the practices abuse the discerning conduct in human brain research (Chatfield and Vangermeersch, 2014). The Significance and Limitations of the Article The principle impediment of the examination article is that it doesn't appropriately execute the essential research technique. The exploration doesn't fuse the assortment of any essential information that and as such needs functional exhibition to build up a particular response for the examination issue. The article fundamentally includes the utilization of optional artistic sources and as such is for the most part subjective in nature (Dunmore, 2009). The hypothetical system utilized by the creator is exceptionally immense and ought to be limited so as to give a fundamental response to the exploration question. Creator has utilized exploratory research structure that is basically included the assortment of both essential and auxiliary information to investigate the examination theme appropriately. Be that as it may, the hypothetical end drawn by the creator is fundamentally founded on the writing audit and isn't bolstered from down to earth exhibit. In this way, the examination stud y needs objectivity and is chiefly emotional in nature. Accordingly, the impediments have contrarily affected the essentialness of the exploration article for additional examinations in this specific situation. The discoveries showed by the writer exhaustive the examination article should be tried for all intents and purposes in future for making substantial end (Dunmore, 2009). End The central matter construed from the examination article us that flow practice of bookkeeping research doesn't sufficiently fulfill the guidelines required for conveying an exploration program effectively. In this manner, as such there is high requirement for growing better hypothetical models for leading bookkeeping research. References Chatfield, M. what's more, Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Money related Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C. 2014. Money related Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. A large portion of a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. Rhonheimer, M. 2000. Regular Law and Practical Reason: A Thomist View of Moral Autonomy. Fordham Univ Press.

Project Report for Journal of Clinical Nursing- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Expound on theProject Report for Journal of Clinical Nursing. Answer: Presentation/Background The affirmed venture question is as per the following: What information and aptitudes are required for building up the helpful relationship/correspondence with emotional well-being shoppers and carers? The method of reasoning for choosing the previously mentioned inquire about inquiry is that investigating it would assist with setting up the basic information, know-how and range of abilities that psychological well-being medical caretakers need so as to set up and keep up great helpful relationship/correspondence with emotional well-being purchasers and carers. Medical attendant customer helpful relationship is significant in nursing practice. In psychological wellness nursing for example, the medical attendant customer remedial relationship may be the primary mediation for working through troubles or potentially advancing development and mindfulness (Clark, 2012). Successful nursing practice relies on a compelling connection between the patient and the psychological wellness nurture. Basic Evaluation Various researchers have endeavored to investigate the issue and revealed their discoveries in peer-surveyed diary articles. In their examination study, Clark, Parker and Gould (2005) inspected the experience of country generalist nursing faculty working with patients who had emotional well-being ailment. A sum of 13 enrolled attendants participated in the investigation and were working all day in an intense emotional well-being office. As indicated by the scientists, the particular aptitudes and information required for building the helpful relationship with the emotional wellness patients included nursing information on dysfunctional behavior, undivided attention, compassion, confidence, perception, persistent appraisal, humor, critical thinking capacity, and intelligent practice. The quality of this article is that it uncovers a portion of the fundamental aptitudes that emotional wellness medical attendants forces or should gangs when working with their patients. The shortcoming i s that the investigation utilized a little example size of only 13 emotional wellness attendants who were gotten from a solitary psychological well-being office. This may influence the generalizabilty of the discoveries. This source adds to my conversation by revealing insight into the basic aptitudes and information that medical caretakers in emotional well-being offices require to have the option to have helpful correspondence or relationship with their patients. Different specialists Dinga and Karvinen (2008) completed a precise survey to discover what the customer nurture remedial relationship involves and the manner by which human services laborers including medical caretakers could build up these restorative connections in essential consideration settings. Trust, relational aptitudes and relational abilities were seen as significant for emotional wellness medical attendants working with customers who have psychological instabilities. These aptitudes incorporate tuning in, summarizing, compassion, non-verbal correspondence, and validness (Dinga Karvinen, 2008). The quality of this article is that it portrays what a customer nurture remedial relationship includes and the aptitudes required by emotional wellness medical attendants to build up these connections and look after them. The shortcoming is that the writers incorporated a generally little example size of just 9 articles. This influences the generalizability of discoveries of the exa mination. This source adds to my conversation by featuring the aptitudes required by medical caretakers to set up and continue restorative customer nurture relations. In yet an alternate report, Moreno-Poyato et al. (2017) tried to make changes in the manner by which nursing work force build up the helpful relationship inside intense mental units just as to survey the adequacy of executing proof through this technique. The specialists called attention to mental medical attendants realize that specific aptitudes are required for creating and keeping up restorative associations with customers. Abilities like compassion, collaboration, establishing a positive first connection, ability to tune in and making an agreeable and safe condition are fundamental in cultivating and helping the advancement of a remedial relationship (Moreno-Poyato et al., 2017). Reflecting aptitudes are similarly pivotal. Utilizing intelligent abilities adequately conveys comprehension and acknowledgment to the patient, forms trust, and encourages investigation, all of which help to create remedial relationship/correspondence with the customer (Scanlon, 2006). The quality of th is article is that it is complete, elegantly composed, efficient, and expertly introduced. The shortcoming is that the investigation was directed in only a solitary mental office and accordingly the discoveries may not be generalizable to different settings. This source adds to my conversation by featuring explicit abilities that mental attendants need to forces so as to adequately create and keep up helpful associations with their customers. Dziopa and Ahern (2013) likewise researched the topic. In their precise audit, they expected to conceptualize traits or aptitudes that add to the improvement of a restorative relationship in cutting edge practice psychological well-being/mental nursing. They discovered that sympathy, understanding, arrangement of individualized consideration, offering help, being accessible/being there, being certifiable, indicating regard, exhibiting clear limits and advancing fairness are essential in building up a remedial connection between a psychological well-being attendant and his/her patient. The quality of this article is the way that it features pivotal abilities that best in class practice clinicians ought to consistently survey and refine to cultivate and continue a remedial relationship with their patient. This source adds to my conversation by recognizing various aptitudes that psychological wellness medical caretakers need to have for them to build up a helpful relationship with their customer. Basic Observation While on arrangement at Bankstown Hospital, I had the option to basically watch the practices inside my clinical region corresponding to the exploration question. What I watched is that in building up the helpful relationship with emotional wellness shoppers and their carers at the social insurance association, the psychological wellness medical attendants displayed information in dysfunctional behavior. This is in accordance with writing discoveries. As indicated by Dinga and Karvinen (2008), medical caretakers ought to have an extremely solid information on dysfunctional behavior so as to appropriately peruse what is happening. Moreover, knowing about psychological sickness permits the attendants to have the option to discuss well with the customer and work with the customer, not against the person in question. The medical attendants at Bankstown Hospital likewise showed abilities, for example, undivided attention, for instance when they sat discreetly with the patients and tuned i n to them. This incredibly assisted with creating restorative relationship and compelling correspondence between the psychological wellness medical caretakers and the customer/tolerant. What's more, they showed sympathy. The attendants realized that these patients arrived in an intense state and were basically left being taken care of by the medical caretakers and it was once in a while somewhat startling for those patients. By showing compassion, the medical attendants are capable envision strolling in the shoes of their patients so as to genuinely understand what they might be feeling, and this truly serves to built up a connection between the medical attendants and the patients (Cahill, Paley Hardy, 2013). Another imperative ability that was watched shows restraint evaluation when the medical caretakers watched and surveyed their patients to guarantee continuous patient of the customer. Schroeder (2013) brought up that basic, consistent appraisal is critical in guaranteeing the continuous security of patients. Having extraordinary patient appraisal aptitudes makes it simpler for the psychological wellness medical caretaker to work with his/her patient and to foresee a path forward in the patients care. This thusly assists with encouraging great helpful relationship with the emotional wellness patient and his/her carer (Hem Heggen, 2010). The other aptitude that was seen in the psychological wellness medical attendants is self-assuredness. Affirmation, as Clark (2012) expressed, is the capacity of the emotional wellness medical attendant to challenge a customer in a restorative setting and achieve positive result. Likewise, the ability of critical thinking, enable and teach the patients was shown by the medical caretakers. Besides, they exhibited the capacity to discuss well with the customers. Psychological wellness medical caretakers must discuss viably with their customers as this is basic in creating helpful associations with the customers (Hewitt Coffey, 2005). In conclusion, they showed humor which made the patients grin, and in this manner create extraordinary remedial relationship with the patients. Cahill, Paley and Hardy (2013) referenced that if conceivable, psychological well-being medical caretakers ought to keep up a comical inclination and give the patient a grin as this assists with setting up a decent helpful relationship. For future practice, it is suggested that emotional well-being medical caretakers should look to increase significant information in psychological maladjustment. They ought to likewise endeavor to build up various urgent abilities including compelling relational abilities, great comical inclination, undivided attention, getting, regard, sympathy, and emphaticness. Th ese aptitudes and information are critical in creating and keeping up the restorative relationship/correspondence with emotional wellness shoppers and their carers. End To summarize, there is a requirement for development in compelling relationship building abilities from some human services experts with emotional wellness patients. Medical caretakers and specialists in emotional well-being offices need to pick up the basic information to successfully build up restorative connections. They ought to endeavor to refine their insight in psychological maladjustment. They ought to likewise obtain different aptitudes, for example, relational aptitudes, powerful relational abilities, reflecting abilities, critical thinking capacity, humor, tuning in, getting, compassion, being certifiable and show regard. Having these basic abilities would enable the emotional well-being to nurture create and keep up helpful relationship/correspondence with the

Persuation(Austen) vs Silas Marner(Eliot) Essay

Persuation(Austen) versus Silas Marner(Eliot) - Essay Example They appeared through their characters what ladies of that time could achieve on the off chance that they would not accept that their womanliness was a hindrance. As per Eliot marriage implied being assimilated into the life of another, and just [being] referred to in a specific hover as a spouse and a mother (George Eliot) while Austen unquestioningly acknowledged it. Eliots works were not about a courteous society, however by expounding on harsh connections, went past it. (Melanie Shelton). These two writers don't have a place with the senseless woman authors (Eliot) class, which George Eliot has alluded to in one of her works. Austen depicts the every day lives of her characters that are fundamentally upper-white collar class men in England of mid nineteenth century. She centers around topics that never pass on, for example, marriage, social weight, and the age hole (N. Zeynep Yelce) Anne Elliot, the courageous woman in Persuasion, endures the results of a choice she needed to take years prior to extreme relations with a man she cherished. Her family had constrained this choice upon her. The contemplations of Lady Russell in this setting Anne Elliot, with every one of her cases of birth, excellence and psyche, to discard herself at nineteen; include herself at nineteen with a youngster, who had only himself to suggest him, and no expectations of achieving abundance, yet in the odds of a most dubious calling, and no associations, to make sure about even his more remote ascent in that calling; would be without a doubt a discarding which she lamented to consider. (Austen Jane) appropriately depicts the sort of exhortation Anne got from her family. Austen while advancing the causes and outcomes of this activity gives a sharp record of the extremism of the British class framework. Silas Marner depicts a reasonable representation of life in a customary English town of the nineteenth century where benevolence and collaboration overshadow insignificant contrasts. It fixates on Silas Marner, a weaver living in the

Put Your Short-Term Memory to the Test

Put Your Short-Term Memory to the Test Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print Put Your Short-Term Memory to the Test By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 23, 2019 Westend61 / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers Cant remember the name of the person you just metâ€"again? Forgot where you parkedâ€"again? Episodes of forgetfulness like these can be nerve-wracking. Some people find them a little scary. When this sort of thing happens a lot, some people go so far as to fear there’s something wrong with their brains or that they’re developing  dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. Forgetting something you’ve just thought of doing or just learned are lapses in short-term memory, which refers to any information that stays in your mind for up to a minute. By contrast, long-term memory is where you keep the information you “know by heart,” for example, like the names of the 50 states and also memories of experiences you’ve had. Why Short-Term Memory Matters Short-term memory is essential to daily living. It’s what allows you to find your car keys, remember if you left the water running in the tubâ€"even whether you’ve eaten breakfast or brushed your teeth. It’s also subject to all sorts of glitches. There are multiple reasons you may forget a piece of information practically the minute you receive, according to leading brain health expert Cynthia Green, Ph.D., author of Total  Memory Workout. For instance, it may simply be too much information to retain that quickly. Its long been believed that the human brain can hold onto no more than seven things at onceâ€"one reason phone numbers (minus the area code, of course), are seven digits. Other factors that can interfere with short-term memory are pain, stress, and  lack of sleep. Interruptions and distractions can be major memory-stealers: If the bell rings while you’re in the middle of a conversation with a neighbor, chances are your friend will need to repeat the last thing she said to you before you answered the door. Testing Your Short-Term Memory There’s a bit of truth in the phrase “senior moment.” After the age of 50, most people do find it a little harder to remember new information, but this doesnt mean theyre on the road to developing dementia or Alzheimers disease. One way to get a sense of how normal your own memory lapses are is to take a legitimate short-term memory test, such as the Memory Quiz from the Alzheimers Research Prevention Foundation. Its a simple true-false questionnaire that asks things like, Sometimes I get lost, even when Im driving somewhere Ive been before, and I often misplace my keys, and when I find them, I often cant remember putting them there. Of course, if after taking a test like this your answers suggest you might have more serious issues with your memory than simple age-related forgetfulness, you should see a doctor. Answering 15 questions online certainly isnt enough to make a diagnosis. At the same time, if your score doesnt indicate youve got a problem, keep in mind that even at an advanced age, the human brain is capable of developing new neurons, as long as it gets some exercise. So use your head as much as possible: read, study a new language, learn  how juggle or knit, spend a lot of time socializing, and your brain will get the workout it needs to stay sharp.

Issues Faced by Air Asia in its Advertising - Free Essay Example

TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Key Issues and Problems 2.1 Misleading Advertisements 2.2 Offensive Advertisements 3.0 Reasoning and Analysis 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 References 6.0 Appendices 1.0INTRODUCTION 2.0KEY ISSUES AND PROBLEMS Some of the major issues and problems faced by AirAsia in its advertisements are discussed below. 2.1Misleading Advertisements Misleading advertisement is unethical because it distorts and misrepresents a product. This means that the actual product is not the same as what it was advertised. For example, a product is advertised to have a particular feature, but in actual fact, that feature does not exist. Most often, advertisements are able to mislead consumers in terms of prices and such is the case for AirAsia Berhad. Operating under the well-known taglines of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lowest fares only @ airasia.comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Now Everyone Can Fly,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  AirAsia offers cheap flights to consumers of over 85 destinations. The company is always coming up with new promotions to allow customers to fly at a very low price to locations both locally and internationally. Drive along a highway and you might co me across red billboards promoting AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s latest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“all-in fareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  flight from Kuala Lumpur to overseas such as Gold Coast, Osaka, Perth, Shanghai, Seoul and Tokyo at a price of RM 299. Now, consumers would think that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“all-in fareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means the rate charged has included tax charges, baggage charges and all other necessary charges, but AirAsia has a totally different view on that. Customers were often greeted with surprises of extra charges when they checked in. AirAsia misled the consumers by advertising their flights rate without showing the total cost which should include all taxes, duties, fees and other mandatory charges. AirAsia has been advertising low headline prices exclusive of mandatory charges and taxes for more than a decade. It hides the actual cost; not making it clear to customers that there might be other extra charges applicable to the advertised RM 299 for example. This makes price comparison difficult for customers as the advertised rates are not the final actual rate. It is just a marketing gimmick to attract more customers with the rather à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"low ratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Therefore, a number of consumers will automatically assume that AirAsia is the cheapest and more reluctant to find out more about the flight rates of other flight companies. As a result, they tend to make bookings or decisions they more often than not, regret. In fact, the price is slightly cheaper at AirAsia but that is before AirAsia add on the counter check-in charges. Apart from that, AirAsia also charges RM5 of convenience fees on credit cards usage if customers are paying payments online via credit or debit card, which by right no merchants have rights to impose such charges. However, it seems as though AirAsia has taken to charging all kinds of services in every possible ways. After adding up all the other charges, the total flight price spent by consumers is almost and sometimes more expensive than other airlines in the industry. Now, that is not a low cost flight fare, as AirAsia proudly claimed to be. On top of that, the rate is only applicable for one-way trips and consumers are often charged higher for return tickets which, AirAsia failed to reflect in its advertisements. Because of this same reason, AirAsia was found guilty under the Australian Consumer Law for not displaying all relevant information of the airfares prices inclusive of all taxes, duties, fees and other mandatory charges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in a prominent way and as a single figureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Wee, 2012). AirAsia should show accurate price information to the consumers in such a competitive industry because consumers are price sensitive. Due to the breach of law, AirAsia was imposed a fine of AUD 200,000. Another downside of flying with AirAsia is that it is inconvenient to travel with senior citizens because they have to walk a long way to the plane as the company does not have a erobridges and a charge of RM 60 will be imposed for the use of wheelchairs (Nik, 2014). 2.2Offensive Advertisements Ethical advertising should be positive and optimistic and does not exploit stereotypes based on gender, age, race and so on (Vaux, n.d.). Marketers may get carried away when brainstorming for innovative advertisement ideas and such is the case for Tune INSURE, an AirAsia insurance product that insures passengers from medical to lost or damaged baggage to compensation for delayed flights of more than two hours. One of its advertisements contains a tagline: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“You want your momma, because youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re in a hospital with lousy nurses.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This had stirred anger among the medical practitioners, mostly nurses, as the tagline is offensive and it gives a bad impression to the nursing profession (Png, 2014). Moreover, this advertisement can be found at the back of the seats of AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s planes and is viewed by all p assengers. It gives an impression that Malaysian nurses are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lousyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ among the foreign passengers. An online petition had been signed by 1226 people, urging for the advertisement to be taken down and a public apology from AirAsia. In Philippines, there was a public uproar with AirAsia Zestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s radio advertisement that downgrades the portrayal of women. In that particular advertisement, AirAsia Zest promoted its ticket sales by comparing it to a woman. The advertisement features two male voices, discussing and comparing how the ticket sale was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cheaper and more enjoyable than an attractive woman with long legs, small waist and smooth skinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sen. Cayentoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Official Website, 2014). Senator Pia Cayento had urged AirAsia Zest for a public apology over the offensive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anti-womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ advertisement (Luci, 2014). Advertisements that prey on human emotions are also consi dered unethical (Vaux, n.d.). For example, an advertisement that instills fear into consumers if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t purchase and consume the product is an unethical advertisement. Another type of unethical advertisement that is widely used especially in the Western countries since a decade ago is those advertisements that rely on sexual appeal to attract its target audience. While this practice is not seen in Malaysia, there are a few of AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advertisements that use a hint of such element in their advertisement, though not as explicit as the commercial advertisements in the Western countries. In a particular advertisement, a man is shown being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"servedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with plates of meal by 5 air-stewardesses with a tagline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Careful, theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re hot!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The meaning behind the tagline is to send the message that AirAsia serves hot meals and hot deals (low flight tickets) to its passengers. Howeve r, some may interpret it the wrong way as the stewardesses were dressed in their tight red uniform and skirts hiked up. This not only highlights the unethical virtues of the company, it also portrays an unprofessional and bad image to the air-host/hostess profession. 3.0REASONING AND ANALYSIS Below are the reasoning and analysis regarding the discussed unethical issues and problems faced by AirAsia in its advertisements. 3.1Misleading Advertisements AirAsia promotes its flight package without reflecting the total fares by excluding all the taxes, duties, fees and other mandatory charges. It is fair to say that this particular conduct of AirAsia is unethical because it conceals the actual price information in its marketing purpose advertisement. Generally, most of the potential passengers thought that the advertised airfares depict the final actual fare for the flights they are paying for; which means that the advertised fares would have included all the necessary expense s payable for the flight. However, this is not the case for AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advertised fares. The flight fares advertised in newspaper and other promotional media only reflects the flight fare, but not the final monetary value that the passengers need to pay for their flight. In such a case, these advertisements indirectly mislead the public and thus affecting their cost-benefit analysis on which airline they will patron. Besides, the psychological pricing strategy of setting a low flight fare tends to misdirect the public that AirAsia is the cheapest air transport provider in Malaysia. The fact is AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s flight rates advertised only shows the gross amount payable, not the net. Nonetheless, most of the customers tend to be attracted by the low price promotion rather than think rationally on whether it is possible or economically feasible for AirAsia to actually provide such a low cost flight package compared to other airlines; as the saying goes, it is too good to be true. At the same time, AirAsia also charges RM5 of transaction fees on bank card usage if the customers are made payment online. As what we think, it is considered reasonable for AirAsia to surcharge RM5 per transaction on the passengers purchase online. This is because AirAsia attempts to incur additional expenditure on the card-based transactions for the bank processing fees if the passengers do not actually bear on these costs. Similarly, most of the information technology shops nowadays also implement this policy that additional costs (e.g. 3%) will be charged on the customers who make payment by bank cards. Thus, it is fair for AirAsia to fee the online purchasers RM5 nett, regardless of the transaction amount on the flight fare. In most of the circumstances, it might seem lower than the surcharge computed based on specific percentage because the invoice price for the flight fare attempts to be quite high in nature. In addition, the promotional packages, introduced by AirAsia, attempt to be only for one-way trips and the passengers are most likely to be charged higher for the return tickets. This scenario appears to be unethical for the airline-based company to do so because majority of the potential passengers will be definitely returned to their origin after their holiday or business visits. Thus, it is necessarily for AirAsia to reflect this critical information in its advertisements to avoid mutual misunderstanding, if and only if, it does the promotion on only one-way flights. In contrast, AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act might be considered ethical if egoism applied. From the AirAsia perspective, it is a marketing approach to charge low in order to attract more consumers taking their flight instead of its competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This business model has indirectly complied with the low-cost budget airline principle that gives everyone the opportunity to take a flight. Meanwhile, the increase in the company revenues atte mpts to maximize the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value (i.e. self-interest), and thus increasing in shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ wealth. They might claim that there is no fraud intention, but their public advertisement is just ambiguous and unclear. The consumers have the rights to query AirAsia management or employees while performing their transactions. 3.2Offensive Advertisements 4.0CONCLUSION 5.0REFERENCES 6.0APPENDICES Figure 1: One of AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s misleading advertisements for not including taxes and charges in advertised air fares. (Source: https://weechookeong.com/2012/12/18/australian-court-fined-airasia-a200000-for-misleading-advertisements/) Figure 2: AirAsiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offensive advertisement placed on the back of its aircraft seats that belittled nurses. (Source: https://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/advertisement-belittling-nurses-slammed-fernandes-apologises)  © All Rights Reserved Chua, K. J., Heng, K.O., Logeswaran, S., Lim, W.P., Siau, L.S. Tong, Y.C. (Students of UTAR, FAM)

Study On Mr Madoff And Ponzi Schemes Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1411 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? On March 12, 2009, Mr. Madoff pleaded guilty to all 11 felony counts charged against him, which includes securities fraud, money laundering and perjury. On June 29, he was sentenced by a federal judge to the maximum prison term of 150 years without bail or parole. He began serving his sentence four months later in October. The criminal case is U.S. v. Madoff, 08-cr-00213, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. From the 1980s through December 11, 2008, Madoff ran a massive Ponzi scheme to solicit billions of dollars of funds. On December 1, 2008, BLMIS delivered statements to 4,800 account holders showing they had total balances of almost $65 billion. The firm held a small fraction of that balance. Madoff took money from everywhere including, individuals, charities, trusts and pension funds. He didnt invest the funds as promised used them for his own gain. He falsely promised to gain high return rates, which was as much as 46%. Madoff crea ted a broad infrastructure at BLMIS to give the impression he ran a legitimate investment advisory business in which client funds were actively traded as he had promised (Voreacos, 2009). He had many back office employees who werent technically qualified for the job. He told workers to generate false client account statements that reflected false returns and supposedly showed the firm bought and sold securities. Madoff allowed the transfer of $250 million from clients investment funds to his market making and proprietary trading businesses. Those transfers gave the false appearance that he was doing business in Europe on behalf of investors. Madoff lied over and over to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in writing and sworn testimonies. He caused the creation of false financial statements about the business. As mentioned, he was charged on 11 counts. Here is a summary of each count: Count 1, Securities Fraud: Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities Inc. (BLMIS) w as a broker-dealer with three types of business: market making; proprietary trading; and investment advisory services. Madoff Securities International Ltd. (MSIL) was a U.K. affiliate engaged in proprietary trading. Count 2, Investment Adviser Fraud: From at least the 1980s through December 11, 2008, Madoff acted as an investment adviser for clients of BLMIS and employed devices and schemes to defraud clients and prospective clients. Count 3, Mail Fraud: On December 1, 2008, Madoff caused to be sent via the U.S. Postal Service a false and fraudulent account statement from BLMIS to a client in New York. Count 4, Wire Fraud: On Aug. 5, 2008, as a part of a scheme to defraud, Madoff caused $2 million in investor funds to be wired from Bloomington, Minnesota, to New York. Count 5, International Money Laundering to Promote Specified Unlawful Activity: From 2002 to December 2008, Madoff caused the transfer of funds from the BLMIS investor account in New York to MSIL accounts i n London, and from those accounts to BLMIS accounts in New York. The money was derived from fraud in the sale of securities and theft from an employee benefit plan. Count 6, International Money Laundering to Promote Specified Unlawful Activity: From 2006 to December 2008, Madoff caused the transfer of funds from BLMIS investor accounts in New York to MSIL accounts in London, then back to New York to give the false appearance that he was operating a legitimate investment advisory business. From 2002 to December 2008, he caused funds to be transferred from BLMIS accounts in New York to MSIL accounts in London, and from there to purchase and maintain property and services for the personal use and benefit of Madoff, his family members and associates (Voreacos, 2009). The money was derived from fraud in the sale of securities and theft from an employee benefit plan. Count 7, Money Laundering: On April 13, 2007, Madoff caused $54.5 million to be transferred from a BLMIS investor acc ount in New York to a BLMIS account in London. The money was derived from fraud in the sale of securities and theft from an employee benefit plan. Count 8, False Statements: On Jan. 7, 2008, Madoff caused the filing with the SEC of a Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration. The form falsely stated that BLMIS had custody of advisory clients securities. Count 9, Perjury: On May 19, 2006, Madoff made numerous false and misleading statements under oath to the SEC. He falsely testified that his firm executed stock and options trades on behalf of investment advisory clients; had custody of assets managed on behalf of those clients; and used the same trading strategy for all its investment advisory clients. Count 10, False Filing With the SEC: On December 20, 2007, Madoff caused the filing of a false and misleading certified BLMIS audit report. Count 11, Theft From an Employee Benefit Plan: On September 24, 2008, Madoff stole $10 million in pension fund assets s ent to BLMIS by a master trust on behalf of about 35 labor union pension plans. In May 2010, nearly 700,000 Madoff investors outside the United States settled agreements, receiving about $15 billion. The total shown on Madoffs investor account statements right before the collapse in 2008 was nearly $65 billion. Irving H. Picard, the court-appointed trustee representing Mr. Madoffs victims in the United States, has collected to date about $10 billion through settlements and asset sales. Mr. Picard estimated the total cash losses in the fraud at $20 billion (Washington, 2011). In December 2010, Mr. Picard launched several lawsuits, including one that was after $1.6 billion in damages from Sonja Kohn, a banker in Australia. He accused her of heading a 23-year conspiracy that played a central role in financing the Ponzi scheme. After the deadline, it appeared that at least 1,000 individual civil lawsuits would arise. Although many likely to be settled by negotiations, the rest wil l probably be contested. In February 2011,ÂÂ  bank documents released as part of Mr. Picards lawsuit prove that bank executives expressed many red flags about the legitimacy of Madoffs investment business more than 18 months before his Ponzi scheme came to light, but continued to do business with him. Another lawsuit, in federal bankruptcy court on February 4, involves the owners of the New York Mets. Mr. Picard accuses them of being so wrapped up in the enormous profits they earned while investing over decades with Mr. Madoff that they ignored the red flags that might have warned them that he was operating a fraud. Its also being rumored that now the Mets may be up for new ownership. In his first interview since his arrest in December 2008, Mr. Madoff asserted in February that unidentified banks and hedge funds were somehow complicit in his elaborate fraud, an about-face from earlier claims that he was the only person involved (Washington, 2011). His family being involve d in suspicion in involved, he went on to mention that his family members knew nothing about his crimes. With his ill practices, his family has also faced numerous lawsuits, potential to lose most of their assets. Madoff also spoke about dealing with several banks pointing to their willful blindness and went on to say, They had to know, but the attitude was sort of, If youre doing something wrong, we dont want to know. While he admitting his guilt in the interview and said nothing could excuse his crimes, he focused his comments on the big investors and giant institutions he dealt with, not on the financial pain he caused thousands of his more modest investors. He did not assert that any specific bank or fund knew about or was an accomplice in his Ponzi scheme. After deceiving federal regulators and investors for at least 16 years, he would certainly be branded as a liar by defense lawyers if he appeared as a witness against any defendant in a courtroom (Washington, 2011). Mr. Ma doff said he was determined to help the efforts to recover lost assets. He also said that Mr. Picard was seeking far more money than was needed to resolve investor claims. In addition to the customer claims for the cash losses, the Madoff estate also faces claims by unpaid vendors and landlords, who cannot recover until all the valid customer claims are paid. In prison, Madoffs access to the outside world is limited and monitored. All visitors must be approved by prison authorities, who also screen his collect calls and his incoming and outgoing e-mails and letters, though interviews with lawyers like Mr. Picard and his colleagues are less restricted and can be conducted in private (Washington, 2011). U.S. v. Madoff, 08-cr-00213, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Manhattan). https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=a6Osnj.SoYdMrefer=home https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/bernard_l_madoff/index.html htt ps://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106039332 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Mr Madoff And Ponzi Schemes Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

The Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum)

Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) may be the only insects recognized by their homes rather than their appearance. These sociable caterpillars live together in silk nests, which they build in the crotches of cherry and apple trees. Eastern tent caterpillars may be confused with gypsy moths or even fall webworm. What Do They Look Like? Eastern tent caterpillars feed on the leaves of some favorite ornamental landscape trees, making their presence a concern to most homeowners. In truth, they rarely do enough damage to kill a healthy plant, and if you want an interesting insect to observe, this is one to watch. Several hundred caterpillars reside communally in their silken tent, built in the crotch of tree branches. Models of cooperation, the eastern tent caterpillars live and work in harmony until they are ready to pupate. The caterpillars emerge in early spring. In their final instar, they reach over 2 inches long and sport visible hairs down the sides of their bodies. The dark larvae are marked with a white stripe down their backs. Broken lines of brown and yellow run along the sides, punctuated by oval spots of blue. Malacosoma americanum moths break free of their cocoons after three weeks. Like many moths, they lack bright colors and appear almost drab. A close look reveals two parallel lines of cream across wings of tan or reddish brown. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - LepidopteraFamily - LasiocampidaeGenus - MalacosomaSpecies - Malacosoma americanum What Do  They Eat? Eastern tent caterpillars feed on the foliage of cherry, apple, plum, peach, and hawthorn trees. In years when Malacosoma americanum is abundant, the large number of caterpillars may defoliate their host trees entirely and then wander to less preferable plants to feed. The adult moths live just a few days and do not feed. Life Cycle Like all butterflies and moths, eastern tent caterpillars undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages: Egg - The female oviposits 200–300 eggs in late spring.Larva - Caterpillars develop in just a few weeks, but remain quiescent in the egg mass until the following spring, when new leaves appear.Pupa - The sixth instar larva spins a silken cocoon in a sheltered location, and pupates within. The pupal case is brown.Adult - Moths fly in search of mates in May and June, and live just long enough to reproduce. Special Adaptations and Defenses Larvae emerge in early spring when temperatures tend to fluctuate. The caterpillars live communally in silken tents designed to keep them warm during cool spells. The broadside of the tent faces the sun, and caterpillars may huddle together on cold or rainy days. Before each of three daily feeding excursions, the caterpillars tend to their tent, adding silk as needed. As the caterpillars grow, they add new layers to accommodate their larger size and to move away from the accumulating waste of frass.​ Eastern tent caterpillars exit en masse three times each day: before dawn, around midday, and right after sunset. As they crawl along branches and twigs in search of leaves to eat, they leave behind silk trails and pheromones. The trails mark the path to food for their fellow tentmates. Pheromone signals alert other caterpillars to not only the presence of foliage but provide information about the quality of the food on a particular branch. Like most hairy caterpillars, eastern tent larvae are thought to deter birds and other predators with their irritating bristles. When they perceive a threat, the caterpillars rear up and thrash their bodies. The community members respond to these movements by doing the same, which makes for an amusing group display to observe. The tent itself also provides cover from predators and between feedings, the caterpillars retreat to its safety to rest. Where Do  Eastern Tent Caterpillars Live? Eastern tent caterpillars may infest the home landscape, making tents in ornamental cherry, plum, and apple trees. Roadside stands of trees might provide suitable wild cherries and crabapples, where dozens of caterpillar tents decorate the forest edge. These early spring caterpillars require the warmth of the sun to heat their bodies, so tents would rarely, if ever, be found in shaded woodland areas. The eastern tent caterpillar lives throughout the eastern United States, to the Rocky Mountains and into southern Canada. Malacosoma americanum is a native insect of North America. Sources Eastern tent caterpillar. Texas AM University.Eastern tent caterpillar.  University of Kentucky Agriculture Department.T. D. Fitzgerald. The Tent Caterpillars.Stephen A. Marshal. ​Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity.

Importance of Teamwork - 2119 Words

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 RESEARCH ON VARIOUS SOURCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Research on books 3 Research on academic journals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................4 Research on newspaper†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................................................4 Research on website Part I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Part II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 REFERENCE LIST 7 BIBLIOGRAPY LIST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 INTRODUCTION Working in teams has became increasingly common. â€Å"A team is a group of people who are interdependent with respect to information, resources, and skills and who seek to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal† (Thompson,2008). The role of work team has†¦show more content†¦3. Research on newspaper Teamwork is essential for every field in the world, especially in business, the main purpose of it is to increase efficiency and productivity, and this is one of the most important issues within the business, however there are more points involved when we consider the importance of the teamwork in business. The article found discussed a few importance of teamwork in a company, firstly, as a team, people will have the same goal towards the benefit of the organization, and therefore, the work will be more efficient, because, two people working for a same goal will always be more efficient than one people working on it. Secondly, a group of people working together, there will be new and fresh ideas, thus, more innovations could be involved, for example, â€Å"an advertising agency will prefer to have employees work in teams as more ideas will be present through brainstorming† (Govind, 2010). The final point that writer concluded is that, team can also improve individual performance, such as, low-skilled workers could be trained to high-skilled workers, and therefore, this will also benefit on the efficiency of company. 4. Research onShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Teamwork1215 Words   |  5 PagesTeamwork and communication work hand in hand, gossip, however, is the consequence of poor communication and the death of teamwork. The Business Dictionary defines teamwork as ‘the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order to achieve a goal’.1 Communication is defined as the act or process of exchanging and sharing information, ideas and feelings.2 Gossip can be described as a form of informal communication but more accurately it has been defined as trivial writing or talkRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Teamwork On Teamwork2109 Words   |  9 Pages In Organizations, the importance of effective teamwork cannot be understated. Teamwork, as defined by Merriam-Webster is the work done by several associates with each doing a part but all subordinating personal prominence to the efficacy as a whole. Therefore, the need for people within organizations to be a ble to pair up and work together to achieve common goals (or a common goal, with single purpose teams) is a highly valued need and one of the basic tasks for any manager within a hierarchyRead MoreThe Importance Of Teamwork And Increase Teamwork At Seagate1779 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment meeting held in the desolated mountains of New Zealand. 200 employees are chosen and split into 40 groups of 5 and each employee must read The Five Dysfunctions of a Team. The purpose of this annual event is to show the importance of teamwork and increase teamwork at Seagate. For five days they go through competitive events to encourage them to work together hoping that this later can be integrated into their everyday lives. Although it is a good event Watkins has not been able to show quantativeRead MoreImportance of Teamwork and Collaboration1014 Words   |  4 Pagesfoundation of education, stressed the importance of countinuous learning. Certifications and degrees mean nothing with the ab sence of continuous learning and subsequent application. Therefore, as a result of their influence, I have pursued my medical degree in the field of clinical and transitional research. My parents were instrumental in my development as they recognized the importance of education. They instilled in me, at a very young age, the importance of a proper education. Through their mentorshipRead MoreImportance Of Teamwork Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Teamwork Teamwork is considered beneficial to productivity and unavoidable in most companies, yet teams do not automatically happen, they progress through the following five stages to mature. It takes cooperation, willingness to work together and conquering one’s own personality to become a functioning team. Relying on a group of people to successfully complete a task necessitates that, they overcome their weaknesses and combine their strengths. A team is only as strong as its weakestRead MoreThe Importance Of A Leadership And Teamwork751 Words   |  4 PagesTeam Building Leadership and teamwork are synonymous. Leadership is very important and is evident in the culture of the school. Teamwork involves individuals working together to achieve a common goal. Team building is the manner by which the team performance measures for improvement. It is the process taken to manifest communication and encourage cooperation. Leadership and teamwork as indicated by Sohmen (2013) center around soft skills that need to be implemented cautiously, and in a sensibleRead MoreImportance of Teamwork in the Kitchen Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Teamwork In the Kitchen Teamwork in the kitchen is a basic requirement as it is the main key of successful performance for anyone who is, going to or will join this most important department of hospitality. The purpose of this essay is to explain the concept of teamwork and how it applies to kitchen environment. Also, examples of personal experience of teamwork in class are provided to illustrate its effectiveness as a way to achieve common goals. Dwyer (2013, p. 224)Read MoreThe Importance Of Teamwork And Its Advantages Essay2244 Words   |  9 PagesSECTION 1 Definition of teamwork and its advantages and disadvantages Teamwork consists of a group of people coming together to form a team, to work together to achieve the goals that have been set out. In order for a team to reach their objectives and be successful as a team they must find out what each team members role is in the team. They must set up team rules on how they will work together, how they will distribute information and how they will resolve any team conflict if any arises. TeamRead MoreEssay about The Importance of Teamwork1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Teamwork In this assignment I am going to look at teamwork and important it is, also linking it in with how vital teamwork is in the modern Public Services. To do this I will be looking into the main theorists and their guidelines for a team to work well and to be efficient. Teamwork is a group/ team of people working towards a common goal or target. Bill Gates describes teamwork as ‘A group with a common goal’. The advantages ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Teamwork And Its Terms Of Management2818 Words   |  12 Pagesgoals. Once Andrew Carnegie (Scottish American industrialist) said that Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational objectives†.This essay indicates an importance of teamwork and its equivalents in terms of management. These include globalisation, technological development, increased diversity and challenges for managers according to teamwork. As a part of the assignment I am going to highlight the changes appeared

Challenges Of Retailing And India - 1301 Words

CHALLENGES OF RETAILING BANKING IN INDIA: 1. Generation Next segment: (426 million young Indian between age group of 15-34 years see life and life-style very differently)- This is going to be the target in immediate future. It is currently urban phenomenon but it would not be too long when it will emerge in rural India also. They are tech-savvy and prefer electronic channel. They seek financial information from variety of sources and are very fickle shoppers. Banks will have to leverage technology and develop E-based products to tap this segment 2. Rural segment is one from where fresh demand of retail loan is being generated. PSBsare in real advantage as they have good network of rural and semi-branches where competition is less and opportunities are more. 3. Cross selling and up selling : is a very successful way of improving volumes. As a strategy existing customers should be offered products where profit margins are more e.g. offering car loan, furnishing loan etc. to existing housing loan customers. Further based on contribution of the customers to bank, differential-pricing strategies such as discount in interest, as relation ship waiver has to be evolved. 4. Housing loan has large potential -: House today is better affordable through loan. Tax breaks have spurred credit demand. RBI move to cover home loan up to Rs. 20 lakhs under priority sector has made the banks to push harder the home loan product. The SARFAESI Act has increased level of comfort as bankShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Matching Process : Human Resource Management And Competitive Strategies Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesachieving the goals of a franchise firm. Ashok Som(2006) in the paper titled â€Å"Bracing for MNC competition through innovative HRM practices: The way ahead for Indian firms† has concentrated on the emergence of Multinational companies in the organized retailing in India. Further, the paper has concentrated on the impact of MNC competition on Indian retail firms. The author has supported the need for innovative HRM practices by the Indian firms to tackle with the competition from Multi National Companies. TheRead MoreBig Bazaar - Indian Walmart - Case Study1305 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Big Bazaar – The Indian Wal-Mart Retail industry: The last decade has experienced a fundamental change in the Indian retailing industry structure, with a very perceptible shift from unorganized kirana and small independent shops to organized retailing such as retail chains and franchised outlets. This gradual shift is attributed to increased purchasing power along with aspirational demands of a segment driven by exposure to the Westem world because of media. An NCAER studyRead MorePotential Between India s Tier II And Tier IIi Cities Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesto a trend towards annual retail sales growth of 12.2 percent. An increasing number of people in India are turning to the services sector for employment due to the relative low compensation offered by the traditional agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The organized retail market is growing at 35 percent annually while growth of unorganized retail sector is pegged at 6 percent. Though the retailing sector is growing rapidly, some of the constrains are restricting its growth. Apart from the regulationsRead MoreThe Emerging Trends Of Indian Organized Retail Sector Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe emerging trends in the Indian organized retail sector would help the economic growth in India. There is a fantastic rise in the Indian organized retail sector in a very short period of time between 2001 and 2016. Eventually, out of the shadows of the unorganized retail sector, India has a chance of tremendous economic growth, both in India and abroad. The retail industry is the largest industry in India, with an employment of around 8% and contributing to over 10% of the country’s GDP. DrivenRead MoreFactors Influencing Consumer Behaviour Of Reliance Fresh ( Reliance Retails )1344 Words   |  6 Pagesadvertising. In the 2000s, a n increasing amount of retailing occurs online using electronic payment and delivery via a courier or via postal mail. Retailing as a sector includes subordinated services, such as delivery. Retailing in India is one of the pillars of its economy and accounts for about 22 percent of its GDP. The Indian retail market is estimated to be US$ 500 billion and one of the top five retail markets in the world by economic value. India is one of the fastest growing retail markets inRead MoreOrganized Retail Sector Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the entry of organized retail sector in India, in unorganized retail sector, millions of people are forced to get their livelihood in the informal way as this was the sector where easy entry was possible with low capital and infrastructure needs and it acted as shelter for many unemployed. Traditional forms of low cost retail trade, from the owner operated local shops and general stores to the handcart and pavement vendors together form the bulk of this sector. But the growth of the supermarketsRead MorePantaloons Case Study1544 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study2: Pantaloons Retail India Limited Abstract: This case talks about Pantaloons Retail India Limited, a growing company in the still nascent apparel retail sector in India. The case has brief description of the Indian Retail industry and the changes happening in the industry with the development of smaller cities and towns and also about the customers changing behavior. The case then discusses about how Pantaloons have are capturing this market and the evolution of the Pantaloons store brandsRead MoreLiterature Review-Fdi in Retail1349 Words   |  6 Pages AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND PROFITABILITY OF FDI IN RETAIL SEGMENTS OF INDIA Submitted to: Prof. Sapna Parashar Date: 23-07-2008 Submitted by: Arnab Sinha 071108 INDEX INDEX 2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS 3 Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 1. Literature Review-1 5 2. Literature Review-2Read MoreMarketing Agencies Should Collaborate With Organizations Of Unorganized Retailers For Direct Procurement From Suppliers Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesupgrade their operations. 3. Assist the formation of co-operative retailing of kirana stores, which can make available the products from direct procurement from manufacturers and farmers due to this reduction of intermediaries is possible and kirana stores can get their merchandise at lower price and farmers also get better prices for their produce. 4. There is a possibility of the co-existence of the organised and unorganised retailing in Thane District. But such coexistence be rationalized largelyRead MoreLvmh Strategic Analysis1631 Words   |  7 PagesChallenge statement: Despite worldwide softness in the sale of luxury goods, LVMH has cemented its position as the world s largest and most profitable player in the category. To stay there it must keep its customers loyal and its brand strong and find new markets worldwide (Hazlett C. 2004). That is why in its mission they state to represent the most refined qualities of Western art de vivre all around the world. Their objective is to be the leader in the luxury market, continuing to transmit

America in the 60’s A Personal Account of a Hippie Free Essays

The sixties was a tumultuous decade.   America went into a war that has lost the support and commitment of the American people.   My interviewee was a college student then and he claimed that he had learned more in the streets than in the four walls of the classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on America in the 60’s: A Personal Account of a Hippie or any similar topic only for you Order Now While American soldiers were fighting the Vietcong in order to liberate South Vietnam, they at home were fighting the government to bring home the American soldiers.   According to him, â€Å"our soldiers were just being slaughtered in the battle for nothing. He believed that it was not a war that America should fight. While people gather around together in rallies and movements, there was a diversity of causes people fight for. While my interviewee was particularly concerned against the Vietnam War, his interactions with other activists led him to realize other important social ills that needed to be addressed. He learned about the civil rights movement and feminist movement. The former were basically black people fighting against racial discrimination and seeking for equal rights particularly the right to suffrage.   The latter on the other hand, were fighting against women’s rights.   But in many cases, they assemble and joined together to stage a mass movement. The rallies sometimes end up violent with the police committing brutality in dispersing the activists. But joining rallies were like a fad.   It was fun, adventurous and liberating. In fact, the violence that occur form part of the thrill of joining rallies.   Accordingly, many of those who joined were not really into the causes of the movements but were there for kicks.   Rebellion seemed part of the youth culture of the sixties in order to be hip. One of the most unforgettable experiences my interviewee had was his attendance to the most well known musical event that practically defined the 60’s, the Woodstock festival in 1969 billed as a three day celebration of music, peace and love (Schomp, p65). According to him, over half a million people participated in the festival.   As a dedicated activist, the Woodstock was really a united protest action against the Vietnam War but the media just sensationalized the nudity, drugs, and sex committed by the hippies in the event. In my short interview with this acquaintance of mine, the events in the 1960’s seemed closely interlaced with each other and everything seemed to happen simultaneously unlike in the textbook where history is presented like separate and isolated events. The 1960’s was indeed turbulent and riotous per my personal evaluation of my history book and as admitted by my interviewee himself.   However, the book wasn’t able to capture the enjoyment and the ventures that people experienced during that time. My interviewer commented that the sixties was indeed a time of serious transition in the American political sphere, but it wasn’t that dull, boring and uptight serious as written in the pages of a book.   The youth was daring yet were still having the time of their lives. Work Cited: Schomp, Virginia. The Vietnam War. 2nd edition. Marshall Cavendish, 2001, pp64-66    How to cite America in the 60’s: A Personal Account of a Hippie, Papers

Student free essay sample

Karolina Werner †¢ Violence as a Bargaining Tool: The Role of Youths in the 2007 Kenyan Elections Edwin Barasa Mang’eni †¢ Darfur, Grand Conflict: Inter-Communal Rift and Grass-root Initiatives for Reconciliation Khalid Ali El Amin AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Executive Editor Amr Abdalla, University for Peace, Vice Rector Managing Editor Tony Karbo, University for Peace Africa Programme, Senior Programme Officer and Associate Professor Assistant Managing Editor Catherine Nelson EDITORIAL BOARD Amr Abdalla, University for Peace Bertha Kadenyi Amisi, Syracuse University Hizkias Assefa, Eastern Mennonite University Elham Atashi, Goucher College Johannes Botes, University of Baltimore Benjamin Broome, Arizona State University Jean-Bosco Butera, University for Peace Kevin Clements, University of Queensland Alyson Frendak, George Mason University Rachel Goldwyn, CARE International UK Michelo Hansungule, University of Pretoria Geoff Harris, University of KwaZulu-Natal Monica Kathina Juma, Kenyan Ambassador to the African Union and Ethiopia Tony Karbo, University for Peace Mary E. King, University for Peace Marion Keim Lees, University of Western Cape Gilbert Khadiagala, University of the Witwatersrand Terrence Lyons, George Mason University Pamela Machakanja, Africa University Guy Martin,Winston-Salem State University Erin McCandless, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development Christopher Mitchell, George Mason University Tim Murithi, Institute for Security Studies, Addis Ababa Susan Allen Nan, George Mason University Edith Natukunda, Makerere University Sulayman Nyang, Howard University Martin Rupiya, Office of the Prime Minister, Zimbabwe Mary Hope Schoewbel, United States Institute of Peace Craig Zelizer, Georgetown University ISSN 1659–3944 Copyright  ©2010 University for Peace The mission of the University for Peace is to provide humanity with an international institution of higher education for peace with the aim of promoting among all human beings a spirit of understanding, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence, to stimulate cooperation among peoples, and to help lessen obstacles and threats to world peace and progress in keeping with the noble aspirations proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations. Ancient Egyptians believed in afterlife quite heavily. Most of the ancient Egyptian kings (Pharaohs) were mummified due to this belief. Furthermore, many of the ancient Egyptian artworks have Gods in them. There are Gods for certain things such as God of the Sun and God of Death. However, the 21st century street art is more of expressing the artist’s feelings and commenting on certain things such as politics. For example, there is a famous street artist who lives in Paris, France, who has a nickname called ‘C215’ (real name is Christian Guemy). His artworks usually have people involved in them. However, his artworks are not just about normal people but people like beggars, elderly people, refugees and street kids because he is ‘obsessed’ with making an artwork of them, artwork of people who grew up in streets and lived in streets. He said, â€Å"I paint mostly tramps, refugees and street kids, people who really live the experience of the street and to whom the  street art  is almost never intended. † Visual Character†¦. Fig. 2, Ancient Egyptian Art, Tutt’ Art, 2011 Fig. 2, Ancient Egyptian Art, Tutt’ Art, 2011 Ancient Egyptian artworks often have people and Gods with appearances with human in them. The people in the ancient Egyptian artworks have their arms and shoulders positioned facing the front while their faces are facing the side, along with their legs and hips. The artworks of ancient Egypt are very symbolic. They have many meanings in the artwork, especially when it talks about spiritual practices and beliefs. Sometimes, they also have writings around or in the artwork. It probably could be understood by many other cultures except for those cultures wit completely different beliefs. However, street arts are understood by nearly everyone in the world as they have similar beliefs and religions. When it Fig. 3, Smiling Refugee, Street Art London, 2011 Fig. 3, Smiling Refugee, Street Art London, 2011 comes to personal comments on politics, it may be hard for some people to understand. The 21st century street artworks are very stylized, having different themes and styles for every street artists, except for those street artists who only leave their names or nicknames on walls. Theses can be seen as mess on the wall because it has no meaning in it. A street artist called ‘C215’ has very colourful style. This artist is told to be realistic but stylized. C215 describes the facial expressions of the main characters in his artworks very precisely to deliver a hidden message behind the art piece. As shown Fig. 4, Street Kid, Street Art London, 2011. Fig. 4, Street Kid, Street Art London, 2011. in figure one, three and four, he describes the facial expressions of elderly woman, refugee and a ‘street kid’ very precisely. Also, famous street artists often leave their special ‘logo’ somewhere in the artwork. For instance in figure four, a ‘logo’ for C215 can be seen next to the face. Medium and Technique†¦. Most of the common ancient Egyptian artworks were painted with paints made of mixed pigments with gum, which were the basic colours. Before papyrus leaves were used as papers, the paintings were often done on walls, which were sometimes carved in. These kinds of techniques were used in ancient Egyptian times because the actual paints and paintbrushes weren’t properly developed. Today, many kinds of tools and styles can be used. For example, C215 usually used stencils to paint on street walls. He makes a background on the wall either free hand or painted using stencils, and then puts his main character in the background. He either uses spray paints or paints and paintbrushes, but mostly, spray paints. It shows his personal style and it helps him to paint precise parts of painting such as facial expressions. Personal Response†¦. I think that every kind of art has one thing common in them; the artist’s feeling and expression of the time he/she created the artwork. If there is a slight difference between ancient Egyptian art and the 21st century street art, I have go to say that the artworks from ancient Egypt do not have sense of depth and they were all dull whereas 21st century street art has wide range of colours being used and vibrant. Most people will find street art more attractive than ancient Egyptian art as street art has different styles and they are very vibrant. Conclusion†¦. To sum up, ancient Egyptian art has many meanings for spiritual beliefs and practices. It was very symbolic as it represented human by its body parts, so the head is facing the side, shoulders and arms are facing the front and shoulders and arms are facing the side. It is mostly painted with basic colours that are made of mixed pigments and gum. On the other hand, graffiti is more like expressing a personal opinion on certain thing. It has many themes and styles along with many choices of colours. Almost everyone can understand street art. Furthermore there are many ways to paint for street art and one of many ways is stencils and paints.

Declaration Of Independance Essay Example For Students

Declaration Of Independance Essay National Archives and Records Administration The Stylistic Artistryof theDeclaration of Independenceby Stephen E. Lucas The Declaration of Independence is perhaps the most masterfully written state paper of Western civilization. As Moses Coit Tyler noted almost a century ago, no assessment of it can be complete without taking into account its extraordinary merits as a work of political prose style. Although many scholars have recognized those merits, there are surprisingly few sustained studies of the stylistic artistry of the Declaration.(1) This essay seeks to illuminate that artistry by probing the discourse microscopicallyat the level of the sentence, phrase, word, and syllable. By approaching the Declaration in this way, we can shed light both on its literary qualities and on its rhetorical power as a work designed to convince a candid world that the American colonies were justified in seeking to establish themselves as an independent nation.(2) The text of the Declaration can b e divided into five sectionsthe introduction, the preamble, the indictment of George III, the denunciation of the British people, and the conclusion. Because space does not permit us to explicate each section in full detail, we shall select features from each that illustrate the stylistic artistry of the Declaration as a whole.(3)The introduction consists of the first paragrapha single, lengthy, periodic sentence: When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.(4)Taken out of context, this sentence is so general it could be used as the introduction to a declaration by any oppressed people. Seen within its original context, however, it is a model of subtlety, nuance, and implication that works on several levels of meaning and allusion to orient readers toward a favorable view of America and to prepare them for the rest of the Declaration. From its magisterial opening phrase, which sets the American Revolution within the whole course of human events, to its assertion that the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle America to a separate and equal station among the powers of the earth, to its quest for sanction from the opinions of mankind, the introduction elevates the quarrel with England from a petty political dispute to a major event in the grand sweep of history. It dignifies the Revolution as a contest of principle and implies that the American cause has a special claim to moral legitimacyall without mentioning England or America by name. Rather than defining the Declarations task as one of persuasion, which would doubtless raise the defenses of readers as well as imply that there was more than one publicly credible view of the British-American conflict, the introduction identifies the purpose of the Declaration as simply to declareto announce publicly in explicit termsthe causes impelling America to leave the British empire. This gives the Declaration, at the outset, an aura of philosophical (in the eighteenth-century sense of the term) objectivity that it will seek to maintain throughout. Rather than presenting one side in a public controversy on which good and decent people could differ, the Declaration purports to do no more than a natural philosopher would do in reporting the causes of any physical event. The issue, it implies, is not one of interpretation but of observation. The most important word in the introduction is necessary, which in the eighteenth century carried strongly deterministic overtones. To say an act was necessary implied that it was impelled by fate or determined by the operation of inextricable natural laws and was beyond the control of human agents. Thus Chamberss Cyclopedia defined necessary as that which cannot but be, or cannot be otherwise. The common notion of necessity and impossibility, Jonathan Edwards wrote in Freedom of the Will, implies something that frustrates endeavor or desire. . . . That is necessary in the original and proper sense of the word, which is, or will be, notwithstanding all supposable opposition. Characterizing the Revolution as necessary suggested that it resulted from constraints that operated with lawlike force throughout the material universe and within the sphere of human action. The Revolution was not merely preferable, defensible, or justifiable. It was as inescapable, as inevitable, as unavoidable within the course of human events as the motions of the tides or the changing of the seasons within the course of natural events.(5)Inves ting the Revolution with connotations of necessity was particularly important because, according to the law of nations, recourse to war was lawful only when it became necessaryonly when amicable negotiation had failed and all other alternatives for settling the differences between two states had been exhausted. Nor was the burden of necessity limited to monarchs and established nations. At the start of the English Civil War in 1642, Parliament defended its recourse to military action against Charles I in a lengthy declaration demonstrating the Necessity to take up Arms. Following this tradition, in July 1775 the Continental Congress issued its own Declaration Setting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Their Taking Up Arms. When, a year later, Congress decided the colonies could no longer retain their liberty within the British empire, it adhered to long-established rhetorical convention by describing independence as a matter of absolute and inescapable necessity.(6) Indeed, the notio n of necessity was so important that in addition to appearing in the introduction of the Declaration, it was invoked twice more at crucial junctures in the rest of the text and appeared frequently in other congressional papers after July 4, 1776.(7)Labeling the Americans one people and the British another was also laden with implication and performed several important strategic functions within the Declaration. First, because two alien peoples cannot be made one, it reinforced the notion that breaking the political bands with England was a necessary step in the course of human events. America and England were already separated by the more basic fact that they had become two different peoples. The gulf between them was much more than political; it was intellectual, social, moral, cultural and, according to the principles of nature, could no more be repaired, as Thomas Paine said, than one could restore to us the time that is past or give to prostitution its former innocence. To try t o perpetuate a purely political connection would be forced and unnatural, repugnant to reason, to the universal order of things.(8)Second, once it is granted that Americans and Englishmen are two distinct peoples, the conflict between them is less likely to be seen as a civil war. The Continental Congress knew America could not withstand Britains military might without foreign assistance. But they also knew America could not receive assistance as long as the colonies were fighting a civil war as part of the British empire. To help the colonies would constitute interference in Great Britains internal affairs. As Samuel Adams explained, no foreign Power can consistently yield Comfort to Rebels, or enter into any kind of Treaty with these Colonies till they declare themselves free and independent. The crucial factor in opening the way for foreign aid was the act of declaring independence. But by defining America and England as two separate peoples, the Declaration reinforced the percep tion that the conflict was not a civil war, thereby, as Congress noted in its debates on independence, making it more consistent with European delicacy for European powers to treat with us, or even to receive an Ambassador.(9)Third, defining the Americans as a separate people in the introduction eased the task of invoking the right of revolution in the preamble. That right, according to eighteenth-century revolutionary principles, could be invoked only in the most dire of circumstanceswhen resistance was absolutely necessary in order to preserve the nation from slavery, misery, and ruinand then only by the Body of the People. If America and Great Britain were seen as one people, Congress could not justify revolution against the British government for the simple reason that the body of the people (of which the Americans would be only one part) did not support the American cause. For America to move against the government in such circumstances would not be a justifiable act of resista nce but a sort of Sedition, Tumult, and War . . . aiming only at the satisfaction of private Lust, without regard to the public Good. By defining the Americans as a separate people, Congress could more readily satisfy the requirement for invoking the right of revolution that the whole Body of Subjects rise up against the government to rescue themselves from the most violent and illegal oppressions.(10)Like the introduction, the next section of the Declarationusually referred to as the preambleis universal in tone and scope. It contains no explicit reference to the British- American conflict, but outlines a general philosophy of government that makes revolution justifiable, even meritorious: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Like the rest of the Declaration, the preamble is brief, free of verbiage, a model of clear, concise, simple statement.(11) It capsulizes in five sentences202words what it took John Locke thousands of words to explain in his Second Treatise of Government. Each word is chosen and placed to achieve maximum impact. Each clause is indispensable to the progression of thought. Each sentence is carefully constructed internally and in relation to what precedes and follows. In its ability to compress complex ideas into a brief, clear statement, the preamble is a paradigm of eighteenth-century Enlightenment prose style, in which purity, simplicity, directness, precision, and, above all, perspicuity were the highest rhetorical and literary virtues. One word follows another with complete inevitability of sound and meaning. Not one word can be moved or replaced without disrupting the balance and harmony of the entire preamble. The stately and dignified tone of the preamblelike that of the introductioncomes partly from what the eighteenth century called Style Periodique, in which, as Hugh Blair explained in his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, the sentences are composed of several members linked together, and hanging upon one another, so that the sense of the whole is not brought out till the close. This, Blair said, is the most pompous, musical, and oratorical manner of composing and gives an air of gravity and dignity to composition. The gravity and dignity of the preamble were reinforced by its conformance with the rhetorical precept that when we aim at dignity or elevation, the sound of each sentence should be made to grow to the last; the longest members of the period, and the fullest and most sonorous words, should be reserved to the conclusion. None of the sentences of the preamble end on a single-syllable word; only one, the second (and least euphonious), ends on a two-syllable word. Of the other four, one ends with a four-syllable word (security), while three end with three-syllable words. Moreover, in each of the three-syllable words the closing syllable is at least a medium- length four-letter syllable, which helps bring the sentences to a full and harmonious close.(12)It is unlikely that any of this was accidental. Thoroughly versed in classical oratory and rhetorical theory as well as in the belletristic treatises of his own time, Thomas Jefferson, draftsman of the Declaration, was a diligent student of rhythm, accent, timing, and cadence in discourse. This can be seen most clearly in his Thoughts on English Prosody, a remarkable twenty-eight-page unpublished essay written in Paris during the fall of 1786. Prompted by a discussion on language with the Marquis de Chastellux at Monticello four years earlier, it was a careful inquiry designed to find out the real circumstance which gives harmony to English prose and laws to those who make it. Using roughly the same s ystem of diacritical notation he had employed in 1776 in his reading draft of the Declaration, Jefferson systematically analyzed the patterns of accentuation in a wide range of English writers, including Milton, Pope, Shakespeare, Addison, Gray, and Garth. Although Thoughts on English Prosody deals with poetry, it displays Jeffersons keen sense of the interplay between sound and sense in language. There can be little doubt that, like many accomplished writers, he consciously composed for the ear as well as for the eyea trait that is nowhere better illustrated than in the eloquent cadences of the preamble in the Declaration of Independence.(13)The preamble also has a powerful sense of structural unity. This is achieved partly by the latent chronological progression of thought, in which the reader is moved from the creation of mankind, to the institution of government, to the throwing off of government when it fails to protect the peoples unalienable rights, to the creation of new gov ernment that will better secure the peoples safety and happiness. This dramatic scenario, with its first act implicitly set in the Garden of Eden (where man was created equal), may, for some readers, have contained mythic overtones of humanitys fall from divine grace. At the very least, it gives an almost archetypal quality to the ideas of the preamble and continues the notion, broached in the introduction, that the American Revolution is a major development in the course of human events. Because of their concern with the philosophy of the Declaration, many modern scholars have dealt with the opening sentence of the preamble out of context, as if Jefferson and the Continental Congress intended it to stand alone. Seen in context, however, it is part of a series of five propositions that build upon one another through the first three sentences of the preamble to establish the right of revolution against tyrannical authority:Proposition 1: All men are created equal. Proposition 2: They all men, from proposition 1 areendowed by their creator with certainunalienable rights. Proposition 3: Among these mans unalienable rights,from proposition 2 are life, liberty,and the pursuit of happiness. Proposition 4: To secure these rights mansunalienable rights, from propositions 2and 3 governments are instituted amongmen. Proposition 5: Whenever any form of government becomesdestructive of these ends securingmans unalienable rights, frompropositions 2-4, it is the right ofthe people to alter or to abolish it. When we look at all five propositions, we see they are meant to be read together and have been meticulously written to achieve a specific rhetorical purpose. The first three lead into the fourth, which in turn leads into the fifth. And it is the fifth, proclaiming the right of revolution when a government becomes destructive of the peoples unalienable rights, that is most crucial in the overall argument of the Declaration. The first four propositions ar e merely preliminary steps designed to give philosophical grounding to the fifth. At first glance, these propositions appear to comprise what was known in the eighteenth century as a soritesa Way of Argument in which a great Number of Propositions are so linked together, that the Predicate of one becomes continually the Subject of the next following, until at last a Conclusion is formed by bringing together the Subject of the First Proposition and the Predicate of the last. In his Elements of Logick, William Duncan provided the following example of a sorites:God is omnipotent. An omnipotent Being can do every thing possible. He that can do every thing possible, can do whateverinvolves not a Contradiction. Therefore God can do whatever involves not aContradiction.(14)Although the section of the preamble we have been considering is not a sorites (because it does not bring together the subject of the first proposition and the predicate of the last), its propositions are written in such a way as to take on the appearance of a logical demonstration. They are so tightly interwoven linguistically that they seem to make up a sequence in which the final propositionasserting the right of revolutionis logically derived from the first four propositions. This is accomplished partly by the mimicry of the form of a sorites and partly by the sheer number of propositions, the accumulation of which is reinforced by the slow, deliberate pace of the text and by the use of that to introduce each proposition. There is also a steplike progression from proposition to proposition, a progression that is accentuated by the skillful use of demonstrative pronouns to make each succeeding proposition appear to be a n inevitable consequence of the preceding proposition. Although the preamble is the best known part of the Declaration today, it attracted considerably less attention in its own time. For most eighteenth-century readers, it was an unobjectionable statement of commonplace political principles. As Jefferson explained years later, the purpose of the Declaration was not to find out new principles, or new arguments, never before thought of . . . but to place before mankind the common sense of the subject, in terms so plain and firm as to command their assent, and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we are compelled to take.(15)Far from being a weakness of the preamble, the lack of new ideas was perhaps its greatest strength. If one overlooks the introductory first paragraph, the Declaration as a whole is structured along the lines of a deductive argument that can easily be put in syllogistic form: Major premise: When government deliberately seeks to reducethe people under absol ute despotism, thepeople have a right, indeed a duty, to alteror abolish that form of government and tocreate new guards for their future security. Minor premise: The government of Great Britain hasdeliberately sought to reduce the Americanpeople under absolute despotism. Conclusion: Therefore the American people have a right,indeed a duty, to abolish their present formof government and to create new guards fortheir future security. As the major premise in this argument, the preamble allowed Jefferson and the Congress to reason from self-evident principles of government accepted by almost all eighteenth-century readers of the Declaration.(16)The key premise, however, was the minor premise. Since virtually everyone agreed the people had a right to overthrow a tyrannical ruler when all other remedies had failed, the crucial question in July 1776 was whether the necessary conditions for revolution existed in the colonies. Congress answered this question with a sustained attack on George III, an attack that makes up almost exactly two-thirds of the text. The indictment of George III begins with a transitional sentence immediately following the preamble: Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. Legalize drugs EssayWhat marks Jeffersons happy talent for composition in this case is the coupling of our sacred Honor with our Lives and our Fortunes to create the eloquent trilogy that closes the Declaration. The concept of honor (and its cognates fame and glory) exerted a powerful hold on the eighteenth-century mind. Writers of all kindsphilosophers, preachers, politicians, playwrights, poetsrepeatedly speculated about the sources of honor and how to achieve it. Virtually every educated man in England or America was schooled in the classical maxim, What is left when honor is lost? Or as Joseph Addison wrote in his Cato, whose sentiments were widely admired throughout the eighteenth century on both sides of the Atlantic: Better to die ten thousand deaths/Than wound my honour. The cult of honor was so strong that in English judicial proceedings a peer of the realm did not answer to bills in chancery or give a verdict upon oath, like an ordinary juryman, but upon his honor.(28)By pledging our sacred Honor in support of the Declaration, Congress made a particularly solemn vow. The pledge also carried a latent message that the revolutionaries, contrary to the claims of their detractors, were men of honor whose motives and actions could not only withstand the closest scrutiny by contemporary persons of quality and merit but would also deserve the approbation of posterity. If the Revolution succeeded, its leaders stood to achieve lasting honor as what Francis Bacon called Liberatores or Salvatores men who compound the long Miseries of Civil Wars, or deliver their Countries from Servitude of Strangers or Tyrants. Historical examples included Augustus Caesar, Henry VII of England, and Henry IV of France. On Bacons five-point scale of supreme honor, such heroes ranked below only Conditores Imperiorum, Founders of States and Commonwealths, such as Romulus, Caesar, and Ottoman, and Lawgivers such as Solon, Lycurgus, and Justinian, also called Second Founders, or Perp etui Principes, because they Govern by their Ordinances after they are gone. Seen in this way, our sacred Honor lifts the motives of Congress above the more immediate concerns of our Lives and our Fortunes and places the revolutionaries in the footsteps of historys most honorable figures. As a result it also unifies the whole text by subtly playing out the notion that the Revolution is a major turn in the broad course of human events.(29)At the same time, the final sentence completes a crucial metamorphosis in the text. Although the Declaration begins in an impersonal, even philosophical voice, it gradually becomes a kind of drama, with its tensions expressed more and more in personal terms. This transformation begins with the appearance of the villain, the present King of Great Britain, who dominates the stage through the first nine grievances, all of which note what He has done without identifying the victim of his evil deeds. Beginning with grievance 10 the king is joined on stag e by the American colonists, who are identified as the victim by some form of first person plural reference: The king has sent swarms of officers to harass our people, has quartered armed troops among us, has imposed taxes on us without our consent, has taken away our charters, abolished our most valuable laws, and altered the Forms of our Governments. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, . . . destroyed the lives of our people, and excited domestic insurrections amongst us. The word our is used twenty-six times from its first appearance in grievance 10 through the last sentence of the Declaration, while us occurs eleven times from its first appearance in grievance 11 through the rest of the grievances.(30)Throughout the grievances action is instigated by the king, as the colonists passively accept blow after blow without wavering in their loyalty. His villainy complete, George III leaves the stage and it is occupied next by the colonists and their British brethren. The heavy use of personal pronouns continues, but by now the colonists have become the instigators of action as they actively seek redress of their grievances. This is marked by a shift in idiom from He has to We have: We have petitioned for redress . . . , We have reminded them . . . , We have appealed to their . . . , and We have conjured them. But they have been deaf to all pleas, so We must . . . hold them as enemies. By the conclusion, only the colonists remain on stage to pronounce their dramatic closing lines: We . . . solemnly publish and declare . . . And to support this declaration, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. The persistent use of he and them, us and our, we and they personalizes the British-American conflict and transfigures it from a complex struggle of multifarious origins and diverse motives to a simple moral drama in which a patiently suffering people courageously defend their liberty against a cruel and v icious tyrant. It also reduces the psychic distance between the reader and the text and coaxes the reader into seeing the dispute with Great Britain through the eyes of the revolutionaries. As the drama of the Declaration unfolds, the reader is increasingly solicited to identify with Congress and the good People of these Colonies, to share their sense of victimage, to participate vicariously in their struggle, and ultimately to act with them in their heroic quest for freedom. In this respect, as in others, the Declaration is a work of consummate artistry. From its eloquent introduction to its aphoristic maxims of government, to its relentless accumulation of charges against George III, to its elegiac denunciation of the British people, to its heroic closing sentence, it sustains an almost perfect synthesis of style, form, and content. Its solemn and dignified tone, its graceful and unhurried cadence, its symmetry, energy, and confidence, its combination of logical structure and dram atic appeal, its adroit use of nuance and implication all contribute to its rhetorical power. And all help to explain why the Declaration remains one of the handful of American political documents that, in addition to meeting the immediate needs of the moment, continues to enjoy a lustrous literary reputation. NOTESc 1989 by Stephen E. LucasStephen E. Lucas is professor of communication arts at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. The present essay is derived from a more comprehensive study, Justifying America: The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document, in Thomas W. Benson, ed., American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism (1989). (1) Moses Coit Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolution (1897), vol. 1, p. 520. The best known study of the style of the Declaration is Carl Beckers The Literary Qualities of the Declaration, in his The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas (1922), pp. 194-223. Useful also are Robert Ginsberg, The Declaration as Rhetoric, in Robert Ginsberg, ed., A Casebook on the Declaration of Independence (1967), pp. 219-244; Edwin Gittleman, Jeffersons Slave Narrative: The Declaration of Independence as a Literary Text, Early American Literature 8 (1974): 239-256; and James Boyd White, When Words Lose Their Meaning: Constitutions and Reconstitutions of Language, Character, and Community (1984), 231 240. Although most books on the Declaration contain a chapter on the style of the document, those chapters are typically historical accounts of the evolution of the text from its drafting by Thomas Jefferson through its approval by the Continental Congress or philosophical speculations about the meaning of its famous passages. (2) As Garry Wills demonstrates in Inventing America: Jeffersons Declaration of Independence (1978), there are two Declarations of Independence the version drafted by Thomas Jefferson and that revised and adopted on July 4, 1776, by the Continental Congress sitting as a committee of the whole. Altogether Congress deleted 630 words from Jeffersons draft and added 146, producing a final text of 1,322 words (excluding the title). Although Jefferson complained that Congress mangled his manuscript and altered it much for the worse, the judgment of posterity, stated well by Becker, is that Congress left the Declaration better than it found it (Declaration of Independence, p. 209). In any event, for better or worse, it was Congresss text that presented Americas case to the world, and it is that text with which we are concerned in this essay. (3) Nothing in this essay should be interpreted to mean that a firm line can be drawn between style and substance in the Declaration or in any other wo rk of political or literary discourse. As Peter Gay has noted, style is form and content woven into the texture of every art and craft. . . . Apart from a few mechanical tricks of rhetoric, manner is indissolubly linked to matter; style shapes and is in turn shaped by, substance (Style in History 1974, p. 3). (4) All quotations from the Declaration follow the text as presented in Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (1950 ), vol. 1, pp. 429-432. (5) Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728), vol. 2, p. 621; Jonathan Edwards, Freedom of the Will, ed. Paul Ramsey (1957), p. 149. (6) Declaration of the Lords and Commons to Justify Their Taking Up Arms, August 1642, in John Rushworth, ed., Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, Weighty Matters in Law, Remarkable Proceedings in Five Parliaments (1680-1722), vol. 4, pp. 761-768; Declaration of the Continental Congress Setting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Their Taking Up Arms, July 1775, in James H. Hutson, ed., A Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind: Congressional State Papers, 1774-1776 (1975), pp. 89-98. The importance of necessity as a justification for war among nations is evident in the many declarations of war issued by European monarchs throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and is discussed in Tavers Twiss, The Law of Nations Considered as Independent Political Communities (1863), pp. 54-55. (7) The first additional invocation of the doctrine of necessity in the Declaration comes immediately after the preamble, when Congress states, Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of Government. The second is at the end of the penultimate section, in which Congress ends its denunciation of the British people by announcing, We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.(8) Thomas Paine, Common Sense: Addressed to the Inhabitants of America . . . (1776), pp. 41, 43. (9) Samuel Adams to Joseph Hawley, Apr. 15, 1776, Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774 1789, ed. Paul H. Smith (1976 ), vol. 3, p. 528; Thomas Jefferson, Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, Jefferson Papers 1: 312. (10) Jonathan Mayhew, A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Nonresistance to the Higher Powers . . . (1750), p. 45; John, Lord Somers, The Judgment of Whole Kingdoms and Nations, Concerning the Rights, Power and Prerogative of Kings, and the Rights, Privileges and Properties of the People (1710), par. 186; Algernon Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government (1693), p. 181; John Hoadly, ed., The Works of Benjamin Hoadly (1773), vol. 2, p. 36; Pacificus, Pennsylvania Gazette, Sept. 14, 1774. (11) Becker, Declaration of Independence, p. 201. (12) Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (1783), vol. 1, pp. 206-207, 259. (13) Thoughts on English Prosody was enclosed in an undated letter of ca. October 1786 to the Marquis de Chastellux. The letter is printed in Jefferson Papers 10: 498; the draft of Jeffersons essay, which has not been printed, is with the letter to Chastellux in the Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Julian P. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 (1976): 455-462, discusses Thoughts on English Prosody and its relation to Jeffersons reading text of the Declaration. Given the changes made by Congress in some sections of the Declaration, it should be noted that the style of the preamble is distinctly Jeffersonian and was approved by Congress with only two minor changes in wording from Jeffersons fair copy as reported by the Committee of Five. (14) William Duncan, The Elements of Logick (1748), p. 242. See also Isaac Watts, Logick: or, The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry After Truth, 8th ed. (1745), p. 304; Henry Aldrich, A Compendium of Logic, 3d ed. (1790), p. 23. (15) Jefferson to Henry Lee, May 5, 1825, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (1892-1899), vol. 10, p. 343. (16) Wilbur Samuel Howell, The Declaration of Independence and Eighteenth-Century Logic, William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser. 18 (1961): 463-484, claims Jefferson consciously structured the Declaration as a syllogism with a self-evident major premise to fit the standards for scientific proof advanced in William Duncans Elements of Logick, a leading logical treatise of the eighteenth century. As I argue in a forthcoming essay, however, there is no hard evidence to connect Duncans book with the Declaration. Jefferson may have read Elements of Logick while he was a student at the College of William and Mary, but we are not certain that he did. He owned a copy of it, but we cannot establish whether the edition he owned was purchased before or after 1776. We cannot even say with complete confidence that Jefferson inserted the words self-evident in the Declaration; if he did, it was only as an afterthought in the process of polishing his original draft. Moreover, upon close examination it b ecomes clear that the Declaration does not fit the method of scientific reasoning recommended in Duncans Logick. Its self- evident truths are not self-evident in the rigorous technical sense used by Duncan; it does not provide the definitions of terms that Duncan regards as the crucial first step in syllogistic demonstration; and it does not follow Duncans injunction that both the minor premise and the major premise must be self-evident if a conclusion is to be demonstrated in a single act of reasoning. The syllogism had been part of the intellectual baggage of Western civilization for two thousand years, and the notion of self-evident truth was central to eighteenth-century philosophy. Jefferson could readily have used both without turning to Duncans Logick for instruction. (17) Declaration in John Cowell, Nomothetes. The Interpreter, Concerning the Genuine Signification of Such Obscure Words and Terms Used Either in the Common or Statute Laws of This Realm . . . (1684). For the requirements of legal declarations in various kinds of civil suits during the eighteenth century, see William Selwyn, An Abridgement of the Law of Nisi Prius, 4th ed. (1817). (18) Fact in Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words are Deduced from Their Origins and Illustrated in Their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers (1755). (19) Oxford English Dictionary (1933), vol. 4, pp. 11-12; Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1771), vol. 4, p. 39; The Annual Register, Or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1772 (1773), p. 57. (20) John Lind, Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . . . , 5th ed. (1776), p. 123. Because the grievances are not numbered in the Declaration, there has been disagreement over how many there are and how they should be numbered. I have followed Sidney George Fisher, The Twenty-Eight Charges against the King in the Declaration of Independence, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 31 (1907): 257-303. An alternative numbering system is used by Wills, Inventing America, pp. 68-75. (21) Samuel Adams to John Pitts, ca. July 9, 1776, Letters of Delegates 4: 417. The sole congressional paper before the Declaration of Independence to list grievances topically was the 1774 Bill of Rights (Hutson, Decent Respect, pp. 49-57). (22) Thomas Hutchinson, Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia . . . (1776), p. 16; Ralph Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678), p. 601; Richard Hooker, Of the Laws of Ecclesiasticall Politie (1594 1596), vol. 5, sec. 67, p. 178. (23) Between 1764 and 1766 England added twenty-five comptrollers, four surveyors general, and one plantation clerk to its customs service in America. It added seventeen more officials in 1767 with the creation of a Board of Customs Commissioners to reside in Boston. These appointments may also have generated a mild ripple effect, resulting in the hiring of a few lesser employees to help with office chores and customs searches, but there is no way to know, since the records are now lost. See Thomas C. Barrow, Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660 1775 (1967), pp. 186-187, 220-221. (24) Howard Mumford Jones, The Declaration of Independence: A Critique, in The Declaration of Independence: Two Essays (1976), p. 7; sentence against Richard III in Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et petitiones placita in Parliamento (1783 1832), vol. 6, p. 276. (25) Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, Oct. 12, 1786, Jefferson Papers 10: 451; John Adams to Benjamin Hichborn, May 29, 1776, Letters of Delegates 4: 96; Paine, Common Sense, pp. 40-42. (26) See note 20 for bibliographic information on Linds pamphlet. (27) Becker, Declaration of Independence, p. 197. (28) For the importance of fame and honor to the revolutionaries, see Douglass Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers, in Fame and the Founding Fathers, ed. Trevor Colbourn (1974), pp. 3-26; Garry Wills, Cincinnatus: George Washington and the Enlightenment (1984), pp. 109 148; Bruce Miroff, John Adams: Merit, Fame, and Political Leadership, Journal of Politics 48 (1986): 116-132. The quotation about Jeffersons happy talent for composition is from John Adams to Timothy Pickering, Aug. 6, 1822, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (1850), vol. 2, p. 511. The statement about peers of the realm is from Blackstone, Commentaries 1: 40 (29) Francis Bacon, The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall . . . (1625), pp. 313-314. See Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers, pp. 114-115, for the importance of Bacons essay on honor among the revolutionaries. (30) Cf. Ginsberg, The Declaration as Rhetoric, p. 228. Declaration Page| Exhibit Hall National Archives and Records AdministrationURL: http://www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/declaration/decstyle.htmlemailprotectedLast updated: January 13, 1997